Monday, September 30, 2019

Anime vs Cartoons Essay

A conversation like this often occurs in conversations between teenagers and adults. Although both Cartoons and Anime are caricatures that may be animated, they differ in visual characteristics and topics/themes. In terms of visual characteristics, Anime is obviously closer to reality than Cartoons. Anime characters have distinct facial expressions and a wide variation of physical characteristics. They depict the tone, energy, and movement of a real human being. Cartoons, however, have features that are not relative to the rest of the body. Unlike Anime, Cartoon characters tend to represent almost anything, inanimate objects or animals, making its idea further from reality. Anime topics and themes concentrate mostly in life issues or things tied closer to human emotions. Japanese animators tend to add the sense of realism in Anime. This is done by animating how water flows, how fire burns wood, and how tears manage to fall from someone’s eyes. These characteristics are what make Anime much appealing to most audiences. On the other hand, Cartoons are generally made to make people laugh, that’s why most cartoon characters are somewhat disproportional, colorful, and comical. Cartoon character traits are far from reality. They are works of imagination which are humorous. However, Cartoons lack the sense of realism. For example, when a Cartoon character cries, it isn’t that effective to audiences because of the way the tears are coming from the character’s eyes. Furthermore, whatever emotion should you try to incorporate with a Cartoon character, it will still be funny. As an overall evaluation, Anime could be much better than Cartoons since it can incorporate different human movements and emotions. Unlike Cartoons, Anime’s aim isn’t just to induce laughter, but also to depict true human nature, feelings, and emotions.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Discuss the idea of the film narrator/narration in relation to verbal to visual issues

I will be looking at the different notions of the ‘narrator' in relation to both verbal and visual texts then I will be discussing the importance of montage and mise-en-scene in the construction of a film, otherwise the ‘narration' of a film. I will also examine concepts of the film narrator in relation to the verbal to visual process put forward by theorists and film scholars and use examples from the texts The Camomile Lawn by Mary Wesley (1984), The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje (1992) and Emma by Jane Austen (1816). I will also touch upon ‘focalization' within the context of the narrator. Before I discuss the concept of film narrator, I will briefly touch on the narrator of the literary text so as to realise the fundamental differences between them. In a verbal text, the narrator will fall into one of three basic types; the speaker who uses his own voice, one who assumes the voice/voices of other persons, and not speak in his own voice and one who uses a mixture of his own and other persons voices. Cuddon, 1998: 535) The distinction between the three are very important, where all are evidently still narrators, the speaker who uses his own voice or the first-person narrator is ‘active in the plot' whereby the speaker who do not use his voice, the third-person narrator is ‘outside or above the plot' yet still in the text (extra diegetic). In the verbal text, Emma, the story is told through an omniscient narrative. This narrator has the power to look into the character's psyche as well as manipulate the reader therefore their role as an objective narrator has failed; ‘Harriet certainly was not clever, but she had a sweet, docile, grateful disposition; was totally free from conceit; and only desiring to be guided by any one she looked up to. ‘ (Austen, 1816: 24). Here the narration is from the viewpoint of Emma describing Harriet's personality as she sees it. We do not know of her disposition as anything other than the way Emma prescribes. The problem here is that we get only a biased viewpoint and often you experience the author's intervention too. The third-person narrative in The English Patient is different; the storyteller stands further away from the immediate action. They do not attempt to intervene with the action other than tell it as it is presented; ‘She walks over the paved stones, grass in the cracks. He watches her black-stockinged feet, the thin brown dress. She leans over the balustrade. ‘ (Ondaatje, 1992: 32). In Wesley's The Camomile Lawn, there are constant transitions in focalizers as the novel is multi-voiced and follows the stories of several characters over many decades so the role of the narrator switches between characters often with just a space between paragraphs to separate the transitions. Still, it is easy to grasp and does not really intervene with the flow of the story. When making a movie, the two most important elements that matter are; a, everything that goes in the scene and b, the editing of the scenes. When referring to the scenes and its contents, it is known as mise-en-scene. Translated, it literally means putting-on-stage, and is ‘the arrangement of performers and properties on a stage for a theatrical production or before the camera in a film' (The American Heritage(r) Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000). This term refers to the staging of the film and the director's control over what appears in the film frame: dicor, direction of the actors, lighting, camera movement, choice of lenses and so on. In order to visualise the verbal text, importance is often placed into mise-en-scene. In Emma, the period in which the drama was set was evidently emphasised through the costumes in which the characters wore. The costumes in Emma depicted each person's social status and personality, traits that were of importance in the verbal text and therefore needed to be narrated in the visual text. Another important aspect in the novel was the abode of certain characters, something else that was significant in the literary discourse. Hartfield and Randalls, the homes of the affluent in the movie were very much larger-than-life, the viewer can almost feel the grandness through the screen and in contrast, the homes of Miss Bates and the peasants Emma and Harriet visited were very humble indeed, the carefully selected interior and costumes of characters tell more than the dialogue. At the start of the film, there is an animated spinning globe on the screen that has images of the main characters from the film on them. It shows Emma and Mr Knightley placed at the top of the globe, in the middle is Mr Elton and at the bottom of the globe is Miss Bates and Miss Taylor. This style of presentation in the movie is in itself a form of narrative whereby the director has decided to, in advance, set the social statuses of the characters before the film even begins. This is because in the film, there is only a voiceover narrative from Emma herself, the third-person narration from the literary discourse that has descriptive information is removed therefore it is necessary to include elements that can help the viewer to construct the story as Emma can not know everything that is happening, she is not omniscient. Writing Emma was basically a tool for Austen to make a mockery of the social snobbery present in the early 19th century and she does this by allowing Emma, an upper-class daughter of a rich man, to let her imagination and daydreams to overcome reason, then finally admit defeat to reality. The music in the background often sounds jovial yet there is an undertone of mockery, as though her character should not be taken seriously. She is introduced in the novel as; ‘Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her. ‘ (Austen, 1816: 7). In the film version, Emma herself could not have narrated this information as it would be inappropriate so therefore costume and behaviour (mise-en-scene) would have to articulate her character instead. In The English Patient, there were certain codes put into the choice of costumes, for instance, the character Katherine always dressed in the colour white, symbolic of purity, yet her character is having an adulterous affair with her husband's friend, perhaps it stressed the irony of her predicament. In the desert scenes, the expanse of barren land swamping the characters shows the loneliness that many of the characters are feeling, including Hana, Caravaggio and Kip. The use of non-vernacular music also creates the distance they are all at from their homeland. The next important aspect of filmmaking is the use of Montage. From the French for ‘assemble', the term refers to the process of cutting, assembling, arranging or editing of shots. In other words, it is ‘a method of putting shots together in such a way that dissimilar materials are juxtaposed to make a statement'. (Pennsylvania State University Website, 2002). The approach to editing was developed by Soviet filmmakers of the 1920s, notably Eisenstein. Continuity editing, or narrative montage is the assembly of shots that results in a smooth flow of narrative in an order making obvious sense in terms of time and place. This style is associated with American films of the studio era and may be referred to as classical cutting or decoupage classique. Emma displays techniques of this principle. Filmmakers of the sixties and seventies often made use of the Collision Principle for jarring transitions from cut to cut and to stress discontinuities in time and space. (Andrew J. Dudley, 1976: 42-71). This use of editing is effective for reflections of time memory, and emotional states, as seen in The English Patient and The Camomile Lawn. The English Patient relies heavily on the reflection of emotional states as Almasy is using his memory to tell us a story and therefore, the transition into his past is often smoothed along with the use of sound effects or montage to help jog his memory such as the thumping of feet on the ground immerged with the beating of drums to dissolve into an external analepsis. The concept of film narrator or narration has been theorised and analysed by many thinkers of the twentieth century. Linguistic ideologies have also been applied to the study of film and I will hereby observe those attempted by Jakob Lothe, Christian Metz and David Bordwell. Jakob Lothe argues in Narrative in Fiction and Film, An Introduction (2000) that the film narrator is ‘the superordinate ‘instance' that presents all the means of communication that film has at its disposal', that they are equated to the third-person narrator in a literary novel and act as the film maker's communicative instrument guiding the viewer's perception of the film. He illustrates his view with a diagram (1990:134-5) by Seymour Chatman (fig. 1) which shows ‘the multiplexity of the cinematic narrator', who is the sum of all these and other variables. The diagram demonstrates it is the viewer who constructs the narrative synthesis. This would link well with the views of film scholar David Bordwell who believes that film has no narrator, that the film narration is the ‘organisation of a set of cues for the construction of a story'. He sees narration as completely central in film but places importance on the viewers response, the perceived not the sender. This set of cues includes an indeterminate number of visual and auditory impressions that the viewer has to construct a story with (Lothe, 2000; 28). Christian Metz realised that film is not a ‘language' but another kind of semiotic system with ‘articulations' of its own. Cinema in relation to verbal language is not direct and is at best partial and complex. He advocated that ‘the analogy is strained at the level of appearance, for filmic signification doesn't at all look like verbal language'. Film image has a natural level of expressivity whereby the world speaks through the images in a normal or somewhat deflect way and it is up to the filmmaker to strengthen and work on these primary expressions if he wants to signify his own meaning. Andrew J. Dudley, 1976: 213-241) In The English Patient, screenwriter and director Anthony Minghella uses the power of sound to aid narration as well as Hollywood's typical narrative in relying heavily on the use of mise-en-scene. The exotic locales presented in the film really set the scene and romantic mood with which the film exudes, in a way, the viewer is almost overwhelmed by the scenery. The cinematography really speaks for itself and eliminates a lot of the narrative that was present in the novel in their attempt to set the place for the reader of the text. In The Camomile Lawn, the change in focalizers is rather subtle. In the literary text, we sense the shifts more consciously whereas with a visual narrative, the viewer is used to following different strands of plot at one go including those of several characters. As well as changes in focalizers, The Camomile Lawn also experiments with shifts in narrative time. It is debatable whether the story is set in present time with flashbacks external analepsis) or set during the war period and ‘flashing forwards'. It is suggested that the whole story was narrated from the viewpoint of Sophie even though she is not the most frequent focalizer throughout the novel but many things that happen often fall into Sophie's perspective and the consequences of other people's actions and how they affect her. In the visual narrative of The Camomile Lawn the film maker attempts to keep as much of Sophie's perspective as much as he can so as to keep in accordance to the intended author's wishes. As with all types of narration, we must consider if they are reliable or unreliable. All narrator's have an artificial authority and we as the reader or viewer ‘must accept [their information] without question if we are to grasp the story that is to follow' (Booth cited in Lothe, 2000: 25). The fundamental rule in any narrative fiction is often to believe the narrator unless the text at some point gives us a signal not to. When this is the case, the narrator becomes unreliable. In The English Patient, a reliable narrator tells the literary text and the film text is shot by an objective camera. This stays in coherence with the original and works well. In Emma, the novel is narrated in third-person but is unreliable as it is told through the perspective of the female protagonist and therefore bias. In the visual narrative, it employs a voiceover by Emma herself and therefore definitely is subjective. In The Camomile Lawn, the verbal discourse is told through a multitude of narrative levels, as well as changes in focalizers, and narrative time/space, the narrative perspective changes from first to third person continuously which is true also for the screen adaptation. In conclusion to my findings, it is true to say that the perceived authors of both verbal and visual texts cannot be compared so because it all depends on the intention of the produced effect. If a filmmaker takes a verbal narrative, he or she may or may not want to transpose all elements of the original narrative but on the other hand has something to aspire to, should they wish to take that path. With the texts I have chosen, that there are a variant of reasons as to why they have been chosen to be visual. The Camomile Lawn, was adapted for a television series therefore it had plenty of time to allow much of the original narrative to be kept in and stayed as close to the original in terms mise-en-scene too. The English Patient was transposed into a Hollywood blockbuster and therefore had no room for multiple storylines to override one another so the subplots were dropped significantly from the literary discourse and emphasis placed on one love story. Emma, on the other hand was more of a period drama with a moral story and was closely contrasted to the original in many aspects all except for the narrative perspective.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Schizophrenia - Essay Example The characteristic age of commencement is the late 20s for women and the early 20s for men. Moreover, women are more expected to have a ‘first break’ later in life. Consequently, approximately one third of women have a commencement of illness after age 30. Among the minor socioeconomic classes, schizophrenia is diagnosed disproportionately. Ordinarily, schizophrenia is caused by a multifaceted contact between thousands of genes and several environmental risk aspects, of which none causes schizophrenia on their own. The developing brain is also possibly to be affected by environmental risk factors. In addition, prenatal infection can cause delicate changes in neuron movement and placement, which would eventually result in irregular connections. It can also act directly on developing circuits and synapses. Immune and stress reactions can be changed permanently by prenatal exposure to infection or stress. This makes an individual to be more sensitive to succeeding environmental stressors that cause irregular associations in the brain (Gilmore, 2010). The causes of schizophrenia are extensively alleged to have a neurobiological foundation. The dopamine hypothesis, which is the main significant theory, asserts that schizophrenia is caused by hyperactivity in brain dopaminergic pathways. This theory is in conformity with the efficiency of antipsychotics and the capability of drugs such as amphetamines or cocaine that arouse dopaminergic activity to provoke psychosis. Moreover, Postmortem studies indicate higher numbers of dopamine receptors in precise subcortical nuclei of schizophrenics than in ordinary brains. Functional and structural abnormalities through brain imaging of schizophrenics and control populations have been an area of concern in recent studies (Podosyan, 2009). Long (2009) explains that schizophrenia frequently commences between the late adolescents and the mid-30s, while

Friday, September 27, 2019

Economics Theory Applications Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics Theory Applications - Research Paper Example According to Mandal (2007, 97) this problem can only be determined based on price mechanisms that has been known to use forces of supply and demand that characterize different products. This is because price mechanism is used to refer to the mechanism that uses prices of products as a signal to both the buyers as well as sellers in any market as to what the market has in store for them, and what trend to follow. This is what forms the core of microeconomic theory where demand, supply and quality prices have a significant role to play. This paper explores the Malaysian market by focusing on Astro satellite TV monopoly to determine the problems that Malaysian satellite television’s market is facing and attempt to solve the problem using microeconomics theory. Microeconomics theory This theory stipulates that demand is the willingness and the ability for a consumer to buy a particular product within a specified period of time. Therefore, if all other factors are held constant, it follows that as prices of goods increases the demand decreases proportionately (Tsoulfidis, 2009, 30). This means that demand and price are inversely proportional. A lower demand of goods means a reduced amount of quantity purchased by consumers. The amount of goods consumers buy at higher prices decrease because as the prices go up, so is the opportunity cost of buying that good or service. People will therefore tend to buy inexpensive goods or services, and avoid buying that product that will force them to forego certain goods or services that are of more value to the consumer. This theory is applied mainly in a monopolistic market where it is only one supplier of goods and services with many consumers that exist, eliminating the case of competition (Ghai and Gupta, 2002, 2). What is Monopoly? Monopoly is a situation characterized by the existence of a single producer in a market who is in control and not with any close competition whatsoever of supplying a particular product. Th is means that the elasticity of demand tends to reduce to almost zero. A company enjoying monopoly has some benefits such as the ability to be innovative with the development of its product and the domination of the demands of the customers (Kirzner, 1997, 65). This is, in addition to, setting its own price standards, orderliness and predictability. The constraints that happen to be either legal or natural protecting the monopoly of the firm from its competitor often generate the blockade to entry to the monopoly market. To make the best use of the profit, monopolist should generate at an output that the marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue. However, the biggest problem of monopoly market is that monopolist is a price maker rather than those price takers in a competitive market (Dwivedi, 2002, 38). This is because the monopoly firm will only continue enjoying maximum profits so long as entry of other firms into the market is blocked. This may either be naturally or artificiall y. Therefore, the firm will continue to produce, and even function at a loss on condition that the losses the firm makes do not in any way exceed its fixed costs (Ghai and Gupta, 2002, 3). This means that the firm will only close when the losses are in excess of the fixed costs of the company. With this advantage, monopoly will charge at the price which is in excess of the marginal price and marginal income, for whatever

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Choose one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Choose one - Essay Example – This is the thesis†¦ II. The Progressive Period The Progressive Period in the US approximately started in 1890 to 1920 as a social movement that grew into a political movement, and somewhere in 1900 to 1918, was the training ground for a transformation of the relationship between a democratic government and the people, essentially highlighting Prohibition and woman suffrage (PBS; GWU). This period was also generally referred to as the transition from agrarian to urbanization, a depiction of more advanced transformation of the civilization and high level way of thinking. III. World War II On the other hand, World War II began in 1939 to 1945, and women were considered partners in winning the war due to the following points: there was a changed image of women’s roles, they joined the nurse corps and armed forces, they were encouraged to serve the military, they filled in traditional male jobs particularly in production, and they performed functions both at home and in the community and so on (National Women’s History Museum). The point is that women were started to be viewed as equal with men and that made them essential counterparts in order for the US to successfully win the war. IV. Post-War Expansion Period Right after the World War II is the Post-War Expansion Period. ... After all, Post-War Expansion Period was the economic expansion of the US, by which women had special participation in the process. V. Analysis It is evident, based on the information as stated so far that the transition in the US history of development over the course of time was fueled by social, political and economic factors. However, men and women substantially worked out for this. Therefore, having the thought like this will pave the way for understanding that the involvement of women in particular in the entire scenario of development is not just only a sole controversial issue, but a specific subject that requires fundamental analysis to understand its actual transformation as directly influenced by socio-economic and political factors. What therefore is one of the most important actions to take is to know the varying attitudes to women’s roles in the workforce in each of the three introduced periods. Another important point is to further analyze how these attitudes we re changed. Finally, to understand why these attitudes changed is just another important point to consider. Clearly, women were not considered equal counterparts of men from the beginning and this was due to social understanding linked in particular to a patriarchal society in the US and even in other parts of the world. This dates back to the beginning, but what is much more explicit observation was the aggressive considered nature of men by then, as depicted from their ability to conquer. Such history remains vivid in the minds of the Americans especially supplemented by one of the thoughts like on how Christopher Columbus discovered, subjugated and put the entire native America

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Writing is an Art Form Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Writing is an Art Form - Essay Example Writers on the other hand, those who create art that challenges the imagination and visual capacity of our brains, continue to languish in the background as little celebrated forms of art. That is a reality that most writers have come to accept even while considering that writing as an art form is almost as old as time itself. The hieroglyphs in the ancient Egyptian tombs were proven to actually be an ancient form of hand writing, the Dead Sea Scrolls and other books that make up the Bible, were written by hand in a language understandable to those of its time. These are artifacts that archeologists and social experts consider to be an ancient form of art with one significant thing in common, these were all done by hand in the most intricate form of writing possible. That type of writing art form is known as Calligraphy and yes, it is considered an art form in our modern times. Those who disagree with calling writing an art form do so on the basis that writing is something that they view more as a skill rather than an art. They argue that writing is something that can be learned in school, taught in creative writing classes, and practiced or improved upon. It is their belief that writing is more of a general purpose concept that provides a utilitarian purpose rather than an artistic one. ( For and Against â€Å"Writing is Really an Art Form†) ... It does not spoon feed the minds of its readers / viewers. It begs the person to go beyond what he can see and instead, analyze what the written word is making him see, hear, and feel. That is the true magic that can only be experienced by someone who is truly an artistic writer. Writing, just like any other art form requires a tremendous amount of training, patience, and education. Just as painters go to art school and photographers go to photography school, writers go to journalism or creative writing school in order to further understand their craft. While painters learn about how the strokes of their brushes and the combination of colors on their canvass creates a picture for the viewers, writers learn that the stroke of a pen and the stringing together of just the right words can transport their readers into another place and time just as a painting would. Photographers observe the world around them and take a visual picture of what they observe to be the good and bad, the beaut iful and the ugly about their surroundings. Writers on the other hand, creatively portray the situation around them, challenging their readers to decide for themselves if the picture as portrayed in words truly does justice to what their mind can see. That is what art is all about. Be it by paint brush, camera lens, or stroke of a pen, or a tap on the keyboard, these people bring their emotions to the front of their work by stirring the same emotions in their viewers and readers. This is a far more difficult task when done in the form of writing as a writer must use a perfect balance of descriptive words to bring his emotions to light. Whereas a painter or photographer merely recreates his emotions using actual materials or things in

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Summary of Malcolm X Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of Malcolm X - Article Example He remembers that when he was hustling on the street, he was the most influential speaker around. The problem now, is his only means of communicating with the world outside the prison is through writing. So he decided to become a better writer. Malcolm X began by getting a copy of the dictionary and a few blank tablets. He started to copy each page of the notebook until he had copied the entire A section. This exercise taught him new words and kept him busy so he did not dwell on being in prison. He also said that his handwriting improved greatly while doing these exercises. As a result of this new educational regimen, Malcolm X was soon able to be more articulate in his written language. This allowed him to write with confidence. He now was able to write just as powerfully as he could speak. Malcolm X said, â€Å"months passed without my even thinking about being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I never had been so truly free in my life.† I like this quote because it shows how liberating education can

Monday, September 23, 2019

Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information Essay - 1

Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information - Essay Example The knowledge sharing benefits offered by the use of ICTs have encouraged local companies to explore global markets. It has also helped multi-national companies to enter new markets worldwide. The paper analyses the information, knowledge and communication needs of Tesco to achieve its objective. The identified objective for this case is ‘To provide help and support to those who are in need through Tesco’s charity trust’. Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen. In 1929, the company opened its first store in Burnt Oak. After 75 years of experience, Tesco is the third largest retailing company in the world (Tesco, 2011). In 1988, the company started the charity of the year partnership through which it supports a different charity every year. In 2009, Tesco entered into a partnership with the British Red Cross. Recent research studies have shown that by 2021, nearly half a million people would be living with undiagnosed dementia. Tesco along with the Alzheimerâ€⠄¢s society and Alzheimer Scotland have planned to raise ?5million to create awareness of the disease. The main objective is to help raise diagnosis levels from 40% by 2014 (Press Releases, 2010). In the aftermath of the massive earthquake and tsunami in Japan, Tesco has come forward to help the victims of the calamity by garnering support through their sales, employees and customers. Tesco has donated ?50,000 through a disaster relief partnership with British Red Cross. The company has encouraged customers to donate their club card vouchers for this cause. Identifying data and information requirements A business requires different types of data from different sources. These include structured/unstructured data, data from different sources (internal and external) and different quality of data (Ranjan, 2009). Internal data is data gathered from internal sources within the company from employees. External data is information and knowledge collected from external stakeholders, such as vendors, suppliers, customers and shareholders. Data obtained from external sources cannot be directly used in decision making. It needs to be further analyzed for developing appropriate knowledge for use within the business processes. For example, data collected from customers by employees needs to be further analyzed and then used by the executive team in decision making (Ranjan, 2009). In the present information age, companies require access to information, knowledge, people and expertise in order to make informed decisions. As a result, organizations invest a lot of capital, time and effort in ensuring they have the right information to communicate, at the right time to the right person. Tesco’s objective relates to recognizing the need for charity funding and defining strategies to ensure that the funding needs of specific causes like the Japanese earthquake and tsunami are met. Since the strategies are based on identifying the funding needs and accessing funds from diff erent sources, Tesco needs to focus on collecting data on charity requirements that can benefit from such funds. The specific data and information required can be identified as below: Charity causes that require funding – in this case the devastation created by the recent Japanese tsunami and earthquake has been identified for collecting funds from company stakeholders and donating it to the Japanese relief

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Democratic ticket Essay Example for Free

Democratic ticket Essay Alvin Greene’s win was as a result of good, hard work. The models of voting used favored him. Research on models of voting shows that a candidate should be smart and sharp during campaigns. Models used by voters influence voting choice. Some of these models include Ballot Position Effect also known as Name Order Effect, Mere Exposure Effect, Name Letter Effect and No Information Voting. Use of research papers such as, Who is Alvin Greene by Mark, Greene on the Issues by Buster Brown, among others listed on the reference list shows the different types of models of voting. Questions asking advantages of using one or more or more models, limitation of each model, strengths and weaknesses of one model to another have been researched. The conclusion of this research shows ways which influence the behavior of voters. It summarizes the effects of different models applied and the effect they have on a candidate. Alvin Greene, an unemployed army veteran, is the winning candidate using the Democratic ticket. He has surprised analysts, pundits, and academics by winning with more than 58 percent of the votes. However victory was not a surprise for him because he worked hard and therefore earned it. His campaigns were simple; he traveled with friends, friends of friends and family members. He did not have any campaign website; neither did he put out signs nor fliers. Alvin’s victory was as a result of good, hard work. The phrase Get South Carolina Back to Work which was his campaign slogan had been acquired through Greene being motivated to run for one of South Carolina’s two senate seats to help Get South Carolina Back to Work. He had his priorities straight which included; focusing on jobs, education and Justice in the judicial system. These issues helped him rally against his running mate DeMint (Robert, Para. 5). Greene’s winning had benefited from unusual circumstances. One of them was his name appearing first in Alphabetical order on a ballot for U. S senate. This effect is called the Ballot Position Effect or Name Order. The candidate being listed first increases his or her performance by 2. 5 points as the average. This has primacy effect and affects a person psychologically in that people making a choice from a visual list considers top as best choice (Valerie, Para. 6). Secondly, Greene was able to win as a result of Mere Exposure Effect. In this type of model of voting, it is believed that the more a person is exposed to a certain stimulus, the more he or she is inclined to liking it. In this case Greene is a more common type of word compared to Rawl. Another type of model of voting is Name Letter Effect. This model holds that people prefer names that share their own initials. No Information Voting is also a type of model used to vote in USA. This is where voting is done with the voters having less or no information about the subject. In this case, the name order effect rises as voters get down the ballot to a candidate they know little about. Models of voting influence vote choice. Choice voting, a form of proportional representation is widely used by world’s established democracies. It gives political parties and candidates an assurance to gain the percentage of legislative seats reflecting their support by the public. Choice voting is a form of limited voting where voters maximize their ballot. Every model of voting has its advantages which affect vote choice. The Name Order Effect favors the candidate who appears first on the ballot. This is because the person voting might have no information about candidates on the ballot, therefore will go for the candidate appearing first with the assumption first is best. Secondly, Mere Exposure Effect gives the candidate who is more exposed to a certain stimulus an advantage and a higher chance of being voted. For example if it is the name, Greene and Rawl, Greene is a more common word, and voters are inclined to liking it. Other voters will use the No Information Voting type of model which will be an advantage to the candidate appearing first in the ballot. This is because voters will again tend to think that first is always the best and will vote for the person who appears first on the ballot. The voters have less or no information about the candidate and they will assume that if they vote the first one, chances are the person is the best (Mark, Para. 4). However, these models of voting may have limitations. A model may favor one candidate but be a shortcoming to other candidates on the ballot. When candidates use Ballot Position Effect, the candidates who appear at the bottom of the ballot will have less chances of winning the elections compared to the candidate appearing first. Similarly if voters use the No Information Voting type of model voting, voters will assume that the first is most likely the best causing the candidates who appear at the bottom of the ballot less likely to win. Sometimes, voters will use Mere Exposure Effect as their voting choice. This type of model of voting will give the candidate with a less exposed stimulus less chances of being voted in. If there is a candidate whose name is more exposed compared to other candidates’ names then that type of voting model will be a limitation to the candidates. Similarly, if the candidates use the Name Letter Effect when voting, a candidate with names that share initials with that of the voter will have a higher chance of being voted in compared to the candidate whose initials do not match with those of the person voting (Can Anyone Explain How Alvin Greene Actually Won Para. 1). When compared, all these types of voting models are related to one another. They can either be related through their strengths or weaknesses. Each one of them has their own strengths or weaknesses. Ballot Exposure Effect also known as Name Order Effect is related to No Information Effect in both strengths and weaknesses. Due to a voter having no information about the subject, the person can opt to vote for the candidate who appears first on the ballot. This is strength to the candidate appearing first on the ballot paper. On the other hand, it can still be a weakness because the person appearing last on the ballot might be the best candidate but loses because the name appears last. There is also a relation between Mere Exposure Effect and Name Letter Effect. When the name of the voter and that of the candidate match, then automatically their initials match. Voters using these types of model voting will relate their names and that of the candidate with a certain stimulus which they are exposed to in relation to the matching of their initials. In some cases, a candidate can be favored by majority of the model of voting, whereby a candidate appears first on the ballot, is exposed to a certain stimulus and the voters have no or less information about the candidates. Here the three types of model voting will be related to the candidate being voted or not being voted (Buster, Para. 3). CONCLUSION Models of voting being the behavior in which people vote can be influenced psychologically, socially or economically. As a candidate it is important to know about the people and their expectations during campaigns. Different types of voting affect vote choice in different ways. As a candidate, it is wise to make one known to the voters. This way, voters are able to avoid No Information Voting which leads to Name Order Effect. It is also advisable for candidates to address key issues which affect the people. This way a candidate is able to let the people be conversant with him or her. Reference List Buster Brown. Alvin Greene on the issues:Candidate gets beyond the headlines. Available at:http://www. charlestoncitypaper. com/charleston/alvin-greene-on-the-issues/Content? oid=2121463 Can Anyone Explain How Alvin Greene Actually Won? Available at:http://www. newsweek. com/2010/06/17/can-anyone-explain-how-alvin-greene-actually-won. html Mark Leibovich. Who’s Alvin Greene? State Asks After Vote. Available at:http://www. nytimes. com/2010/06/12/us/politics/12greene. html? _r=1src=mv Robert J. Baker. Local Dems had never met Greene Available at;http://www. theitem. com/news/local_news/article_0524b36c-ec80-5eba-882f-713558543451. html Valerie Bauerlein. Puzzle Roils South Carolina Contest. Available at:http://www. marioguerrero. info/ps151/wsjarticle. html

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Management and Supply Function Essay Example for Free

Management and Supply Function Essay It should be emphasised from the outset that purchasing and supply management is executed as an integrated part of the firms broader management (as part of the logistics management or supply chain management approach) *Purchasing and supply PLANNING is part of the firms general planning, mainly because the continuous supply of raw materials components services is of a strategic importance to the enterprise. The supply market is just as important for the firms survival continued profitability as the sales market is the firms own product. Firms general planning must be integrated. *The ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE of the purchasing and supply function should be aimed mainly @ linking into the firms overall structure in the most effective way. The purchasing and supply function primarily renders a service to the enterprise. *Purchasing and supply COORDINATION should be aimed @ harmonising and aligning the activities of the purchasing and supply function with those of the other business functions. When a firm vests the authority for the purchasing and supply function in 1 person or team. Advantages: ;gt;Standardisation of materials and products is possible because purchases are made at one point ;gt;Purchasing and supply staff are afforded the opportunity to become experts ;gt;Control over all aspects of the purchasing and supply function is improved ;gt;Administrative costs are reduced by eliminating duplication DECENTRALISED PURCHASING ; SUPPLY ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Purchasing by different departments, branches or plants, while each of them enjoys an important measure of autonomy of decision making regarding the purchasing and supply function. Advantages: ;gt;Better liaision can be effected between decentralised purchasing and supply functions and the user functions of individual plants served by the purchasing and supply function ;gt;The needs users can be better satisfied because the purchasing and supply function knows them better ;gt;Different plants maintain their autonomy. Plant managers are often fully responsible  for the profitability of individual plants. According to the combined approach, common requirements of the different plants such as equipment and certain categories of raw materials, are purchased centrally head of office. The plants purchasing and supply functions are assisted by corporate   purchasing and supply in developing policies, procedures, and control measures, recruiting and training staff, auditing the   purchasing and supply performance of the plants. The main coordinating mechanisms of purchasing and supply management with other functions in the organisation, and with suppliers and customers, are definitely computer systems such as electronic data interchange(EDI), materials planning (MRPII) and distribution requirements planning (DRP). TWO TYPES OF COORDINATION Between purchasing and supply and other functional areas Purchasing coordination is lateral acts in an advisory/support method to the other functions in the enterprise. Between p and s and the supplier system Two dimensions to the coordination between p and s function and the supplier system. Firstly there is coordination with the whole supplier system and secondly with the individual suppliers. The flow of products and services from the supplier has to be effective, the p and s function has to ensure that coordination between them and the supplier ensures this occurs. This can be achieved by means of supplier alliances, integrated systems and inter-organisational teams. The supplier must become an extension of the buying enterprise. The chief coordinating mechanisms available to p and s management are open communication, strategic alliances, integrated systems, the conscious motivation of suppliers and standardisation of specifications, purchasing documents and purchasing procedures. CONTROL : PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PURCHASING AND SUPPLYFUNCTION Control may be defined as a systematic attempt to reach objectives or set standards that accord with the enterprises goal, to observe actual perform- ance and compare it with the set standards, and to take corrective steps with a view to achieving the mission and goals of the enterprise. Objectives and basic principles of performance evaluation P and activities are complex, needs to have a control system. Feedback   on actual performance(measured against quantitative norms). This ensures that the p and s strategy is implemented at the various levels in the company. With this the p and s manager can monitor and improve the functions actual performance. Control ensures that all the other functions with p and s work optimally.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Dental Anxiety in Dental and Non-Dental Students

Dental Anxiety in Dental and Non-Dental Students Dental Anxiety in Dental and Non-Dental Students Abstract- Objective: To compare levels of dental anxiety in dental and non-dental students and then relate it with degree of knowledge about dental treatment procedures. Method: Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) was used to measure and analyze statistically the dental anxiety among dental students (n=30) and non-dental students (n=30). The participants include 28 (46.7%) males and 32 (53.3%) females of age ranging from 18-24 years (mean age 21 ±1.619). The data was collected in Islamic International Dental Hospital, Islamabad from patients under waiting treatment. Results: Education was associated with dental anxiety in patients. The dental students had a mean dental anxiety score of dental students was found to be 13.5 and that of non-dental students was 16.5. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that knowledge about dental procedures has a significant role to elevate dental anxiety levels. Keywords: dental anxiety; degree of knowledge; dental students; non-dental student â€Å"Dental anxiety is an aversive psychological response to poorly define, or not immediately present dental stimulus interpreted as potentially harmful or dangerous, usually within a dental context†(1). Dental anxiety is a common phenomenon amongst patients prior to obtaining dental procedures, often giving rise to a vicious cycle of fear leading to avoidance of treatment(2, 3). This potential hazard to treatment accounts for an understanding of its etiology, so as to help design and execute effective treatment regimens(4).Research establishes; prior experience of treatment, pain during treatment, age, gender, social class and lack of economic resources, negligence of oral health and inadequacy of and education as etiological factors of dental anxiety. Al-Omari et al. showed in their study that dental students had lowest anxiety levels as compared to medical and engineering students(5). Medical students were found to be the most anxious group and it was indicated that lack of dental information is directly related to increasing levels of dental fears. As per Curson and Coplans, anxiety is a major barrier in the dental treatments as children and adult avoid or delay attending the dentist except in emergency situations(6).Dental anxiety may have elevated levels amongst patients majorly due to lack of knowledge about the procedures and outcomes of dental treatment that would be carried out on them(7).Therefore, it is crucial to highlight dentally anxious patients in order to facilitate the course of treatment and to help accomplish it successfully. Different instruments for measuring dental anxiety include; Corah’s dental anxiety scale, Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), Dental Fear Survey, State Trait Anxiety Scale, General Geer Fear Scale and Getz Dental Brief Survey(1). Humphris GM et al. (1995) suggested that MDAS is more comprehensive, highly valid and reliable, with a simpler and more consistent answering system(8).Therefore, modified den tal anxiety scale has been used for the purpose of this study. The aim of the study was to understand how lack of knowledge of dental procedures may contribute to increased anxiety levels amongst non-dental students when compared to dental students. With the identification of existence of such differences, improved treatment techniques and management strategies may then be accomplished(7). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Islamic International Dental Hospital, Islamabad over a period of two months from May to June, on patients awaiting treatment while attending various departments at the hospital. This study is a cross- sectional study. Questionnaires were given to dental students (n=30) of first to fourth year (prior to receiving treatment) with their ages ranging from 18-24 years. Non-dental students (n=30) meeting the same age requirement were selected by purposive convenient sampling. The subjects were approached personally in clinical settings and questionnaire conducted after verbal consent. A total of 30 questionnaires were distributed to patients from each group. Data was obtained using modified dental anxiety scale, wherein extra items were added related to prior dental treatment experience and whether or not they had a dentist in their family. The modified dental anxiety scale consisted of five multiple choice items, including the following: If you had to go to your dentist for treatment tomorrow, how would you feel? If you were sitting in the waiting room (waiting for treatment), how would you feel? If you were about to have a tooth drilled, how would you feel? If you were about to have your teeth scaled and polish, how would you feel? If you were about to have a local anesthetic injection in your gum, how would you feel? Options available as answers to each of the above question were ranging from not anxious scaled as 1 to extremely anxious scaled as 5. The scores of all the questions were summed up to give us the patient’s dental anxiety score. Demographic details in the questionnaire included age gender and education. For the statistical analysis data was studied using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. For descriptive analysis of data mean and standard deviation was computed for age. Calculation of dental anxiety scores was made to compare differences in level of anxiety amongst both the groups. If the total score of 15 or more was obtained, it was indicated that the subject was highly anxious(9). Results: A total of 60 patients were included in this study; 30 dental students and 30 non-dental students. Out of this total of 60 patients, 28 (46.7%) were males and 32 (53.3%) were females. Their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years, giving a mean of 21 years with a standard deviation of  ±1.619. There were 13 males (43.3%) out of a total of 30 dental students and 17 females (56.7%). In the non-dental category, there were 15 males (50%) and 15 females (50%) out of a total of 30 students. The results display that a total of 9 (15%) patients had mild anxiety, out of which 8(13.3%) were dental students and 1(1.7%) was a non-dental student. therefore it can be seen that anxiety levels among dental students correspond mainly to the lower level of mildly anxious. 22 (36.7%) of the total patients had a moderate category anxiety, out of these 12 (20%) were dental students and 10 (16.7%) were non dental students. 24 (40%) were highly anxious patients, out of those 2 (3.3%) were dental students and 3 ( 5%) were non dental students. There were no patients who showed a result of no anxiety levels (Fig.2). The graph for the mean dental anxiety scores of dental and non-dental students demonstrates a clear variation in the dental anxiety levels of the two groups. There is an increased average dental anxiety scores in non-dental students which urges the use of a statistical test to further analyze data. Accordingly the Mann- Whitney U test was undertaken. The p value obtained so forth was 0.003 which is less than the arbitrarily significant p value of 0.05, indicating a significant difference in DAS of the two groups. The (Fig.3) and (Fig.4) also, represent the percentage response in tabulated form. Discussion: The study was undertaken to examine the role of, awareness of dental procedures, on patient’s dental anxiety levels. The purpose of the study was to acquire an understanding of differences in the dental anxiety levels amongst patients with sufficient prior knowledge of dental procedures as in the case of dental students and those without. Realization of the existence of any such differences would help dentists design strategies that would eliminate dental anxiety as a barrier to effective treatment. Dentally anxious patients often pose great difficulties during treatment(2).Such patients also are often resistant to going for treatment and may require behavioral pharmacological and educational interventions to allow for improved treatment and oral health statuses(10).The study was undertaken using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. The use of MDAS allowed for validity and reliability in the data collected thus serving as strength of the study(8, 11). Standardization was also ob served, with collection of all data in clinical settings. A major limitation of the study was its sample size. The survey comprised of only 60 patients, 30 being non-dental patients, receiving formal education in fields other than dentistry aged between 18-24 years. The second group comprised of dental students in any year of their study undergoing dental treatments and aged 18-24 years. The sample being selected randomly and by convenience also poses questions to generalizability of any findings as it is not representative of a much larger general population. Dental anxiety is a vastly sought after topic with researchers attempting to understand its causative factors and its impact on oral health status of patients. An in-depth understanding of its causative factors would enable practice of newer and improved techniques with increased patient compliance and willingness to undergo the required treatments without making the task difficult. Inadequate knowledge of dental procedure has also been studied as a causative factor of dental anxiety. Abu Hantash et al. suggested that dental anxiety in non-dental students is due to previous traumatic dental experiences and fear of pain(12, 13).High levels of anxiety in non-dental students was also suggested due to lack of acquaintance with dental procedures(14, 15).On the other hand enhanced education and awareness has been positively correlated to dental anxiety(16). B. Peretz et al. (1994) showed in his study that anxiety in dental students is inversely related to the exposure of dental procedures and it tends to reduce from preclinical to clinical years(9, 15, 17). Imran Farooq et al. (2014) following this study, found it sensible to deduce that dental anxiety in students declines with gradual progress in education and clinical exposure(15).Dental anxiety has been understood to have immense impact on oral as well as general health of individuals(18).Those who succumb to dental anxiety are found to enter a vicious cycle of ill-being. wherein anxiety leads to avoidance seeking treatment, leading to increased severity of disease and hence worsened oral and general health status(19), as shown in Fig.5. Some other important considerations that were beyond the scope of this particular study was an investigation of any previous traumatic dental experiences, especially from the non-dental students as they would have led to increased fears. Also there has been no ranking of anxiety provoking stimulus for dental students who may have been equally anxious about pain, and in jection as is true of non-dental students. According to Todd and Walker(20), it was reported by 43% of people that they avoided going to the dentist lest they experienced increased troubles with their teeth. In another study by Curson and Coplans it was found that DA amongst both children and adult patients led to avoidance or irregularities in going for treatment, or visiting dentist in case of emergency only(6). The findings from our study prompt the need of devising ways to increase patient knowledge of procedures to decrease anxiety. This may include arranging of educational workshops on awareness about dental procedures. Conclusion: In conclusion there is existence of a difference in dental anxiety levels; among dental and non-dental students. With this difference it can be comprehended that dental anxiety owes itself to knowledge and awareness of dental procedures alongside other etiological factors. Know-how of dental procedures enhances patients’ ability to cope up with required treatment by eliminating barriers created due to anxiety. Hence increasing patient knowledge may serve to reduce apprehensions and enhance patient confidence on treatment procedure and its needs, consequently reducing anxiety. References: 1.http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/dentalanxiety. 2.Cooper CL WJ, Kelly M. Job satisfaction, mental health, and job stressors among general dental practitioners in the UK. British Dental Journal. 1987. 3.Armfield JM. What goes around comes around: revisiting the hypothesized vicious cycle of dental fear and avoidance. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. Jun;41(3):279-87. 4.Taani DQ. Dental attendance and anxiety among public and private school children in Jordan. Int Dent J. 2002 Feb;52(1):25-9. 5.Al-Omari WM, Al-Omiri MK. Dental anxiety among university students and its correlation with their field of study. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009 May-Jun;17(3):199-203. 6.Curson I CM. The need for sedation in conservative dentistry. An investigation in the inner London area. 1970. 7.Appukuttan DP TA, Cholan PK, Subramanian S, Vinayagavel M. prevelance of dental anxiety among patient attending a dental educational institution in chennai, India. 2013. 8.Humphris GM, Morrison T, Lindsay SJ. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale: validation and United Kingdom norms. Community Dent Health. 1995 Sep;12(3):143-50. 9.Peretz B, Zadik D. Dental anxiety of parents in an Israeli kibbutz population. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1994 Jun;4(2):87-92. 10.Marya CM, Grover S, Jnaneshwar A, Pruthi N. Dental anxiety among patients visiting a dental institute in Faridabad, India. West Indian Med J. Mar;61(2):187-90. 11.Corah NL. Development of a dental anxiety scale. J Dent Res. 1969 Jul-Aug;48(4):596. 12.Abu Hantash AY, Al Aker Dental Anxiety and Fear among medical field students at Al Quds University 13.Mohammed RB, Lalithamma T, Varma DM, Sudhakar KN, Srinivas B, Krishnamraju PV, et al. Prevalence of dental anxiety and its relation to age and gender in coastal Andhra (Visakhapatnam) population, India. J Nat Sci Biol Med. Jul;5(2):409-14. 14.Serra-Negra J, Paiva SM, Oliveira M, Ferreira E, Freire-Maia F, Pordeus I. Self-reported dental fear among dental students and their patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Jan;9(1):44-54. 15.Imran Farooq SA. A cross sectional study of gender differences in dental anxiety prevailing in the students of a Pakistani dental college. 2014. 16.Kirova DG, Atanasov DT, Lalabonova CK, Janevska S. Dental anxiety in adults in Bulgaria. Folia Med (Plovdiv). Apr-Jun;52(2):49-56. 17.Peretz B, Mann J. Dental anxiety among Israeli dental students: a 4-year longitudinal study. Eur J Dent Educ. 2000 Aug;4(3):133-7. 18.McGrath C, Bedi R. The association between dental anxiety and oral health-related quality of life in Britain. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004 Feb;32(1):67-72. 19.Attaullah AAK. PREVALENCE OF DENTAL ANXIETY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN. 20.Todd JE WA. Adult Dental Health in England and Wales. 1980

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Destruction of the Ibo Tribe in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay

The Assisted Suicide of the Ibo Tribe Nothing on this planet is indestructible, everything must go at some point in being. However, if an object is left untouched, it will not disappear. Something has to assist its end. The same concept applies for the tribe of Umofia. The Umofian culture cannot prosper forever, something had to aid in its downfall and in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, the British were to blame for the downward spiral the Umofian people saw. The novel Things Fall Apart is set in Africa and focuses on Okonkwo, the main character. Okonkwo leads an ambitious life until he mistakenly shoots a member of the tribe during a festival. His reprimand for this act was seven years in exile in which he served reluctantly. Upon his arrival to his home tribe, he observed that his clan’s folk had become â€Å"women-like.† He quickly noticed the reason of this sudden change and held the British responsible. At this point, the tribe runs down a dark tunnel, one that Okonkwo does not want to see so he performs suicide. Okonkwo’s death symbolizes the Ibo tribe’s downfall and the group that assisted both deaths was the British. The ways that the British aid in the falling apart of the Ibo tribe is by taking away the Ibo culture, belittling their gods, and converting Ibo clan’s folk. When a society gets its traditions taken away, they can assume they have taken the first step towards assimilation, for without their culture, they have nothing proving who they are. The same concept can be applied to the situation in Umofia. When the British came and started to change Umofian culture, things started to fall apart. The first action the British did was change the Umofian Judicial system. Instead of meeting in front of the Egwugwu, as cu... ...nsidered a being to fear, however, Mr. Brown implies that Chukwu is a â€Å"Loving father† and â€Å"Not feared by those who do his will† (Achebe 181). By saying this, Mr. Brown alters the way the Umofian people believe in God which may make them confused for never hearing of another religion before. In the novel, things started to fall apart because the British came and took away the Umofia people’s culture which includes their right of jurisdiction, belief in their own God and, converting the clans folk. This shows that nothing, however big, or small can flourish forever. Even if the British had not of come, something would have caused the Umofian downfall. Everything must come to an end, in this case it was the Umofian clan. However Okonkwo sums it all up the best â€Å"The [British] has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart† (Achebe 176).

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Hamlet :: essays research papers

In the first section of the passage, Hamlet is filled with self-loathing. His feelings of worthlessness are made quite apparent as he questions himself with statements like â€Å"What is a man, if his chief good and market of his time be but to sleep and feed? A beast no more.† This metaphor clearly shows how unworthy Hamlet feels about the fact that he has been lying around doing nothing and his father remains unavenged. His use of unpleasant imagery like â€Å"bestial oblivion† and â€Å"fust† also contribute to his tone. Hamlet knows he has been thinking too much and acting too little. He questions his own courage when he says that his thoughts are â€Å" but one part wisdom and ever three parts coward.† Hamlet understands that pondering on an action like he has been doing only leads to excuses to ignore the offense done to him, and it is his fear creating the excuses and leaving his honor soiled. In the second section of the passage Hamlet is still angry at himself, especially when he views himself next to Fortinbras. He juxtaposes his own actions against Fortinbras’ in lines like â€Å"Why yet I live to say â€Å"This thing’s to do,† sith I have cause, and will, and strength, and means to do’t.† and â€Å"Witness this army of such mass and charge, led by a delicate and tender prince , whose spirit, with divine ambitioned puffed, makes mouths at the invisible event.† He continues to question his self worth as he sees the fact that Fortinbras is willing to spend 20,000 lives to gain honor in his â€Å"event,† while He himself has not been able to gather even enough courage take care of his â€Å"event† which is revenging his father. The comparison is clear Hamlet is a â€Å"coward† while Fortinbras is a brave â€Å"delicate and tender prince.† In the third section Hamlet finds the answer to the self questioning that has occurred in the first to passages. He realizes he must take action immediately and quit delaying. He understands the fact that â€Å"Rightly to be great is not to stir without great argument, but greatly to find quarrel in a straw when honor’s at stake.† Hamlet has much greater reason then â€Å"a straw† to be angry and a vivid picture of his reason for rage is painted in the line â€Å"a father killed, a mother stained, excitements of my reason and my blood, let all sleep, while to my shame I see the imminent death of twenty thousand men.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Networking

ITEC325 Final Study Guide True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. ____1. The value of layers in the OSI reference model is that it divides networking into a series of tasks, and then illustrates how those tasks relate to each other. ____2. When transmitting with FHSS, if interference is encountered on a particular frequency then that part of the signal will be retransmitted on the previous frequency of the hopping code. ____3. Increasing the speed of the WLAN will cause shorter delays in waiting for reflections. ____4. Because wireless technology has advanced at such a rapid pace, the earliest WLANs are now essentially obsolete. ____5. Of the 52 subchannels, 32 are used for standard transmissions and 20 are used for FEC transmissions. ____6. When an ESS is installed it is desirable to configure the areas of coverage much like cells in a cellular telephone system. ____7. The first major function of the MAC layer involves defining procedures for a wireless device to discover the WLAN. ____8. Wireless authentication involves a user logging on to the access point. ____9. CSMA/CA eliminates the possibility of collisions. ____10. A home agent is a forwarding mechanism that keeps track of where the mobile computer is located. ____11. Wireless access to network resources can improve the quality and productivity of meetings. ____12. Early adopters of wireless LANs were sometimes called â€Å"racehorses†. ____13. Several vendors are working on comprehensive network management solutions that integrate wireless networks into the same deployment, operations, and management as a wired network. ____14. When considering the number of users who will be associated with an access point, it is only necessary to count the number of users, not the type of work they do. ___15. Establishing and staffing an internal help desk is one of the most effective means of support. ____16. It is important to evaluate the placement of the access points and antennas throughout the proposed site in order to meet the design goals. ____17. The most common type of antenna for a WLAN is an semi-directional antenna, also known as a dipole antenna. ____18. A drawback of spectrum analyzers is that the information is displayed in graphical form and not as raw data. ____19. The industry-standard form for site survey documentation is IEEE 802. 11D. ____20. The first step in collecting RF information is to position the access point in what may appear to be the most logical location. Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____21. What is the top layer of the OSI reference model? a. | application| c. | physical| b. | presentation| d. | transport| ____22. Which layer of the OSI reference model permits the devices on the network to hold ongoing communications across the network? a. | presentation| c. | transport| b. | session| d. | network| ____23. ___ signals by nature transmit on only one frequency or a very narrow portion of the frequencies. a. | Broadband| c. | Radio| b. | Computer| d. | Heat| ____24. What is a disadvantage of narrowband transmissions? a. | requires a complicated algorithm| c. | expensive to implement| b. | not well regulated| d. | interference from another radio signal| ____25. When was the concept used by FHSS technology developed? a. | during World War I| c. | in the 1960s| b. | during World War II| d. | in the 1980s| ____26. In FHSS, the amount of time needed to move from one frequency to another is the ____ time. . | dwell| c. | lift| b. | switch| d. | hop| ____27. According to FCC regulations, all FHSS systems in the 900 MHz band must change frequencies through 50 channels and cannot spend more than ____ on one frequency each 20 seconds. a. | 20 milliseconds| c. | 400 milliseconds| b. | 30 milliseconds| d. | 1 second| ____28. Bluetooth divides the 2. 4 GHz frequency into ____ different frequencies spaced 1 GHz apart. a. | 52| c. | 79| b. | 68| d. | 93| ____29. ____ is not part of a frame. a. | Length| c. | Channel| b. | Parity| d. | Data| ____30. How does OFDM work? a. signals are broken up and the parts are sent in parallel| b. | the same signal is sent on multiple channels| c. | one signal is sent twice on the same channel| d. | a signal is sent over a wired network at the same time as the wireless network| ____31. IEEE has divided the ____ layer into two sublayers: Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC). a. | Physical| c. | Transport| b. | Data Link| d. | Session| ____32. The Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) standards for 802. 11b are based on ____. a. | DSSS| c. | OFDM| b. | FHSS| d. | PYS| ____33. The 802. 1b standard specifies ____ frequencies that can be used, beginning at 2. 412 GHz. a. | 4| c. | 14| b. | 10| d. | 30| ____34. The ____ coding technique consists of a set of 64 8-bit code words. a. | chipping| c. | Barker| b. | fixed scramble| d. | complementary code keying| ____35. The ____ field of an 802. 11a frame consists of 10 repetitions of a short training sequence signal and two repetitions of a long training sequence signal. a. | Rate| c. | Synchronization| b. | Service| d. | Parity| ____36. A BSS is ____. a. | a group of wireless devices that is served by a single access point| b. a unique identifier| c. | a geographical area where wireless devices reside | d. | two or more networks that are connected through a common distribution system| ____37. What is the minimum number of BSS networks required to form an ESS? a. | 0| c. | 2| b. | 1| d. | 10| ____38. All frames contain the MAC address of the source and destination device, a frame sequence number, and a frame ____ used for error detection. a. | unit| c. | sum| b. | flag| d. | check sequence| ____39. The ____ field appears first in a management frame. a. | Frame control| c. | Destination address| b. | Duration| d. | BSSID| ___40. When an AP accepts or rejects a wireless device it sends a(n) ____ frame. a. | association request| c. | disassociation| b. | association response| d. | reassociation| ____41. In an infrastructure network the beacon interval is normally set to ____ ms, although it can be modified. a. | 1| c. | 100| b. | 10| d. | 1000| ____42. What is the default authentication method according to the 802. 11 standard? a. | basic| c. | shared key| b. | open system| d. | priv ate key| ____43. What is the first step in shared key authentication? a. | AP encrypts challenge text and sends it to wireless device| b. wireless device encrypts challenge text and sends it to AP| c. | AP sends wireless device an authentication frame that contains a block of text known as the challenge text| d. | wireless device sends an authentication frame to the AP| ____44. Following authentication, if the access point accepts the wireless device, it reserves memory space in the AP and establishes a(n) ____ ID for it. a. | association| c. | member| b. | device| d. | authentication| ____45. Why is CSMA/CD unsuitable for wireless networks? a. | Hidden node problem| c. | difficult to synchronize backoff times| b. difficult to detect collisions| d. | Both A and B| ____46. The 802. 11 standard provides an option that can be used when collisions occur due to a hidden node. That option is known as ____. a. | virtual node detection| c. | virtual carrier sensing| b. | node collision prot ocol| d. | hidden node detection| ____47. The RTS/CTS protocol is especially taxing when ____ data packets are being transmitted. a. | short| c. | encrypted| b. | long| d. | redirecting| ____48. ____ effectively prevents collisions because every device must wait until it receives permission before it can transmit. a. | CSMA/CD| c. Polling| b. | CSMA/CA| d. | Fragmentation| ____49. The ____ draft defines a superset of features that is intended to provide QoS over WLANs. a. | 802. 11a| c. | 802. 11e| b. | 802. 11b| d. | 802. 11g| ____50. An access point sends out a beacon frame containing a ____ identifying the stations that have buffered frames waiting at the access point. a. | buffer list| c. | waiting map| b. | traffic indication map| d. | buffered cache| ____51. With MobileIP, the ____ assigns the mobile computer a new (but temporary) IP number. a. | local AP| c. | foreign agent| b. | foreign AP| d. | roamed network| ____52. What do many industry experts believe is the greatest opportunity for business-process improvement at the beginning of the 21st century? a. | access to the Internet from employee’s desks| b. | extending network access to employees who are away from their desks| c. | providing wireless hotspots in rural communities| d. | All of the above| ____53. According to a study conducted by NOP World–Technology, wireless LANs enable users to be connected to network resources ____ additional hours per day. a. | . 5| c. | 1. 75| b. | 1| d. | 2. 5| ____54. Which organization would most likely not benefit from the introduction of a wireless LAN? . | business that is rapidly losing market share and has changed CEOs three times in the last 18 months| b. | business that has captured a niche in the marketplace and currently has no serious competitors| c. | organization that is fighting a fierce battle with its competitors| d. | they would all benefit| ____55. According to NOP-World Technol ogy, ____ percent of end users said that a WLAN improves their quality of life by increasing flexibility and productivity, and saving time. a. | 30| c. | 87| b. | 56| d. | 93| ____56. Intel recommends that once the ROI model is complete, larger organizations should return to step ____. . | 1| c. | 3| b. | 2| d. | 4| ____57. A(n) ____ provides wireless LAN service, for free or for a fee, from a variety of public areas, including coffee shops, public libraries, and airport lounges. a. | wireless gateway| c. | hotspot| b. | infrastructure network| d. | ad hoc network| ____58. Only in areas where low bandwidth is acceptable or an ad hoc wireless network will be used should ____ networks be considered. a. | 802. 11a| c. | 802. 11g| b. | 802. 11b| d. | 802. 11 pre-N| ____59. What is a disadvantage of thin access points? a. | complicated network management| b. | handoff time is increased| c. | very expensive| . | all thin access points and switches are proprietary| ____60. ____ generates t he highest level of interference. a. | Marble| c. | Paper| b. | Bulletproof glass| d. | Metal| ____61. In a 802. 11b network, how many power users should be associated with one access point? a. | 5| c. | 25| b. | 15| d. | 50| ____62. What should you do when electrical alternating current power is not available near the AP location? a. | move it to another location| c. | use a battery| b. | use wireless power| d. | user Power over Ethernet| ____63. ____ is one of the most effective strategies for providing support for a new wireless network. . | Creating formal user support groups| b. | Assigning support to the information technology department| c. | Maintaining a help desk| d. | Outsourcing support to a third party| ____64. In a site survey analyzer, vendors use an algorithm or a lookup table to convert ____ values to dBm, mW, or signal strength percentage. a. | GHz| c. | RSSI| b. | MAC| d. | RFID| ____65. What is a drawback of a spectrum analyzer? a. | information is displayed in g raphical form and not as raw data| b. | information is displayed as raw data, not in graphical form| c. | information only applies to one frequency| d. only made by a single manufacturer and very expensive| ____66. How are business requirements for a WLAN obtained? a. | reading company documentation| c. | interviewing technical staff| b. | interviewing management| d. | Internet research| ____67. What is the best way to gather site-specific documentation? a. | reviewing blueprints| c. | inspecting the site| b. | interviewing management| d. | viewing documentation| ____68. What is the first step in collecting RF information? a. | position the access point| c. | document AP position| b. | note the objects and layout of the room| d. | walk around room to test signal| ___69. What should you be sure to do when collecting RF information? a. | take pictures of your location as you move around| b. | connect to the Internet and download a file to test bandwidth| c. | write down your perceptio n of connection speed| d. | observe the data being displayed by the software measurement tools| ____70. What affects the coverage pattern? a. | wireless protocol| c. | notebook operating system| b. | objects that interfere with the RF signal| d. | skill of person conducting site survey| ____71. The term ____ describes the rate of transmission falling as the device moves farther from the AP. a. coverage pattern| c. | data rate boundaries| b. | packet throughput| d. | RF frequency| ____72. What affects transmission range? a. | distance only| c. | distance and objects in path| b. | objects in path only| d. | wireless protocol| ____73. What provides the greatest source of RF interference? a. | mirror| c. | desk| b. | interior wall| d. | chair| ____74. What type of AP antenna is most commonly used in a site survey? a. | omnidirectional| c. | highly-directional| b. | semi-directional| d. | parabolic| ____75. The ____ setting of a site survey analyzer specifies the AP that will be involved in the test. a. Destination MAC Address| c. | Packet Tx Type| b. | Continuous Link Test| d. | Delay Between Packets| ____76. Why is it important to document existing wired and wireless networks? a. | to examine possible sources of interference| b. | to ensure that the new or expanded wireless LAN will â€Å"dovetail† into what is already in place| c. | to avoid providing overlapping network coverage| d. | to better understand the basic networking needs of the organization| Matching Match each term with the correct statement below. a. | physical layer| f. | direct sequence spread spectrum| b. | channel bonding| g. | quadrature phase shift keying| c. frequency hopping spread spectrum| h. | transport layer| d. | Forward Error Correction| i. | orthogonal frequency division multiplexing| e. | network layer| ____77. uses a range of frequencies that change during the transmission ____78. transmits a secondary copy along with the primary information ____79. sends signals to the netw ork or receives signals from the network ____80. ensures that error-free data is given to the user ____81. sending multiple signals at the same time Match each term with the correct statement below. a. | dynamic rate shifting| f. | frames| b. | digital certificate| g. | contention| c. | scanning| h. roaming| d. | ad hoc mode| i. | polling| e. | reassociation| ____82. segments in a packet ____83. any device can attempt to transmit a message at any time ____84. as a mobile device moves farther away from the AP, the transmission speed decreases ____85. wireless devices communicate directly between themselves ____86. digital documents that associate an individual with a key value ____87. receiving wireless device looking for beacon frames Match each term with the correct statement below. a. | ad hoc| f. | Point-to-multipoint remote wireless bridge| b. | plenum| g. | soft benefits| c. | current network table| h. thin access point| d. | fat access point| i. | hard benefits| e. | ROI| ____ 88. standard measure of the profitability of a project ____89. benefits that are difficult to quantify ____90. management functions of a WLAN such as user authentication, encryption, and access point configuration are included within the AP itself ____91. air handling space above drop ceilings ____92. benefits that can be easily measured or quantified ____93. used to connect multiple LAN segments Match each term with the correct statement below. a. | coverage pattern| f. | network analyzer| b. | spectrum analyzer| g. | transmission range| c. packet throughput| h. | unicast| d. | site survey analyzer| i. | data rate boundary| e. | multicast| ____94. frame is sent from one sender to multiple receivers with a single â€Å"transmit† operation ____95. area in which the signal can be received from the AP ____96. frame is sent from one sender to a single receiver ____97. scans the radio frequency spectrum and provides a graphical display of the results ____98. measurement tool that is specifically designed for conducting a wireless LAN site survey ____99. range of coverage for a specific transmission speed ____100. number of packets sent and received and the data rates for each

Monday, September 16, 2019

Analysis of the Macro and Micro Environment at British Airways Essay

British Airways is the largest international scheduled airline in the UK. The company was founded in 1919, and has continued to grow and expand since privatisation in 1987, until the global recession hit in 2008. On 23rd January 2009 the UK was officially declared to be in recession following two consecutive quarters in 2008 during which economic growth dropped (BBC, 2009). Many businesses, including British Airways, have found it increasingly difficult to survive in the resulting testing macroeconomic environment. The Recession  A recession will often occur when inflation grows rapidly; goods become more expensive at a time when consumers have less money to spend. As consumers spend less money, supply begins to exceed demand within the markets. This causes businesses to produce less of their goods, and so require less staff. The unemployment that results from this creates a situation whereby people do not trust the markets and have less money, so stop spending, thus creating a vicious circle. UK unemployment figures up to March 2010 show that unemployment has risen to 8%, the highest figure since 1996. For many people, air travel is a luxury good. This means that in times of hardship, where the consumer is reducing their spending, air travel will be an area that is very hard hit, as many people are not taking holidays. For some consumers, air travel is for business purposes, as opposed to recreational. This area of the market has not been hit as hard, although many people are now flying in economy class, where they might previously have flown in business or first class. Business and first class passengers have played a large part in BA’s profitability, as they account for a large proportion of the company’s profit. Low-cost, budget airlines such as Ryan Air have done comparatively well, producing profits in a market where very few businesses have been able to. Budget airlines are supplying an â€Å"inferior good†. This means that as consumer income decreases, a demand for the service will increase as the service is seen to be more affordable. Production Costs Over recent years the cost of fuel has increased dramatically, and as each airport has only one fuel supplier, BA is working within a limited market, where there is a lack of price competition to drive the price of fuel down. With demand continuing to exceed the supply of fuel the equilibrium point of the supply and demand curve is continually changing, this allows the fuel suppliers to increase their costs. As demand for air travel has dropped and production costs have increased, BA has found that an increasing number of flights are running with too few passengers to make the flight profitable. However, if BA were to decrease the number of flights they would risk losing their slots at the major airports, which would be disastrous when the market begins to pick up and demand for flights increases again. Willie Walsh, chief executive of BA, believes that a compromise must be found between surviving throughout this difficult climate, and growing the business so that it can prosper once the economy has recovered. Iberia Merger BA has recently signed a merger with Spain’s Iberian Airlines. This will promote the business to being one of the largest international providers of air travel. It is predicted that the merger will allow the two companies to save around ? 50 million per year, which will greatly benefit shareholders as the profit will be seen to increase, and also benefit customers as the synergy between the routes and aircraft used should offer more choice at a more competitive price (Price, 2010). Government Policy As a result of the recent recession, the government has taken steps to increase consumer spending. Increased consumer spending is necessary in order to increase the UK’s GDP (gross domestic product) and so ensure that the recovery from the recent recessi on will continue. Some of these policy responses from the government included lowering VAT from 17. 5% to 15% as of December 1st 2008 (Finch, 2008). This was a move which was aimed at lowering the price of goods and so encouraging the public to spend more. This would start to regain consumer trust, and also start to put money back into the market. The major downside to this policy change is that due to a lower governmental income from VAT, the government has been forced to increase the UK’s national debt and run a larger budget deficit in order to keep national services running. There has been considerable debate as to how much this policy actually helped to bring the UK out of the recession, but it did encourage consumers to have more faith in the government and the economy and to spend more money. By encouraging a higher rate of consumer spending, the economy is starting to recover; this is a positive sign for British Airways as it means that customers are beginning to increase again. As the consumer is regaining faith in the economy they are becoming more likely to pre-book a holiday as they have more money available to them. This cut in VAT has also allowed companies such as BA to either increase their profit margins slightly or lower their prices slightly (BBC, 2009). The Bank of England Since the start of the recent recession, the pound has weakened considerably. With the UK economy struggling and consumers having borrowed heavily before the recession, currency traders have flooded the market with sterling, resulting in the pound dropping in value. In an attempt to maintain monetary stability the Bank of England dropped the national interest rates from 5% down to as low as 0. 5% (Bank of England, no date). This also caused currency traders to attempt to trade their sterling to a currency returning a higher profitability, such as the Euro (Bank of England, 2010). However, this move was needed in order to attempt to keep inflation low and encourage banks to continue to supply loans, overdrafts and mortgages. This was a move which was needed in order to try and maintain consumer trust, but the weakening pound has made business increasingly difficult for international companies as importing goods needed to provide their surface has increased thus increasing their production costs, although it does make the service cheaper for foreign consumers. Leadership Theories Willie Walsh became CEO of British Airways in 2005; since then he has faced numerous challenges as the global economy has been hit hard by the recent recession. Walsh was brought in by British Airways as CEO following his success as CEO of Aer Lingus, where he helped to bring the company out of the financial difficulty that it suffered as a result of the terrorist attacks in 2001, by cutting 2000 jobs and finding new ways to cut costs (Saunders, 2008). In the current economic climate, where the industry has been severely hit by the recent recession, a leader is needed who is able to react to an ever-changing dynamic environment. Walsh has proved his ability to do this, and has been quick to react with BA by cutting many jobs as the recession hit, and working out new ways in which the company can be run more efficiently, such as by reducing the number of aircraft and raising the efficiency of staff. This style of leadership is known as transformational leadership; it relies upon a leader who has a concept of the direction he wishes the business to take, and has the ability to motivate and inspire his employees in order to attain this goal. Motivation – Content and Process Theories Motivation theories have been developed so that leaders and managers can understand the theory behind the different methods of motivating their workforce and thus work out the most productive and efficient of these methods. It is a common belief that leaders are born and not made; this is supported to some extent by motivation theories as the best leaders will be more perceptive as to how change is affecting his workforce, and the areas in which improvements could be made, as they will have a natural empathy. The best leaders will also be able to use this to the advantage of their company; they will be able to motivate their workforce to a higher work capacity level and so promote productivity. Motivation theories work on the basis that employees carry out work for a variety of reasons, which are weighted in terms of their importance. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need (shown in the diagram below) suggests that there are 5 levels at which a person must be fulfilled before they will perform at their optimal capacity, with the lower levels being the first to be fulfilled and the most important. BA has recently asked its employees to consider working unpaid for up to one month, in a bid to keep the company afloat. Many employees have resisted this change, with only 800 out of 40,000 staff asked agreeing to this. Other options were also put forward to staff, including the option to take unpaid leave or to work part-time; these proved more popular with employees. A reduction in salary would affect employees at the bottom two levels on Maslow’s Hierarchy as with reduced income some may struggle to provide for their physiological needs. This in turn will affect the employee at several levels up the hierarchy; they will feel less secure within their job and society, and consequently on a higher more emotional level. Content theories of motivation suggest that there are three main components which motivate people; these are direction (what they want), intensity (how much they want it) and persistence (how far they will go to attain this). Following on from his, it is assumed that people will work for rewards. These rewards can then be split into two main areas; intrinsic and extrinsic. Content theories place a higher emphasis upon the intrinsic factors, such as the internal drives which motivate people to work. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need is one example of this, and Herzberg’s 2-factor theory is another. Herzberg’s theory relies upon hygiene (extrinsic) and motivators (intrinsic) and suggests that extrinsic factors are important in preventing job dissatisfaction, whereas intrinsic factors are more concerned with self-respect and achievement, thus promoting job satisfaction. Process theories such as J Stacy Adam’s Equity theory, suggest that people are more productive when they perceive that they are receiving fair treatment, and will tend to act if they believe they are being unfairly treated when they compare themselves to others within their social network. Vroom’s Expectancy theory also works upon a basis of fair treatment, but focuses upon the worker’s belief that if they put more effort in, their performance will improve, and their manager will reward them fairly, with a reward that is of value to the individual worker. Managers must therefore identify the rewards that workers will place a high value upon, and attempt to minimise any undesirable outcomes. British Airways needs to focus more upon employee satisfaction, particularly within this economic climate, as this will encourage workers to perform at a higher capacity and thus increase efficiency of the company. Threat of future redundancies is a big motivating factor for many employees; if process theory is applied, so that employees believe increased effort will lead to fair reward (ie. keeping their job) they may be more likely to perform better. Management of Change Theories regarding management of change focus on minimising resistance to change, as this is more likely to make the proposed change viable. Force field analysis requires managers to assess the pro’s and con’s of change, and the movement that will be needed to effect this change. For example, with BA’s pay freeze and request for unpaid work, there will be resistance to this change, based upon a fear of lower income, but, for some, the fear of redundancies and dismissal will outweigh the risk of a month unpaid (BBC, 2009). Resistance to change is often natural due to a fear of the unknown; employees often fear that if they work at a higher capacity this will become the expected normality, which may be difficult to sustain, and can encourage workers to thus work at a lower performance level. Lewin’s 3-step change process identifies unfreezing (where the status quo is disturbed), movement (where new behaviour is adopted) and refreezing (where the new patterns are established as normal) as the three stages. Unfreezing is perceived to be the most difficult to implement, as this is where a fear of the unknown will have the greatest impact. For managers to overcome this they must show empathy, communication and participation. Willie Walsh shows an example of this as he has ensured that all BA employees are kept well informed of all plans towards cost-cutting and voluntarily agreed to work for July without receiving his ? 61,000 monthly salary in a bid to encourage workers to do the same. This also uses process theories of motivation, as it encourages workers to feel that they are receiving fair treatment. Unfortunately for BA, many employees feel that they are being treated unfairly, leading to numerous recent strikes, which have caused massive further losses to the company.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Scope Situational Analysis

Have a different color – scope went with green b. Actual taste of product was supposed to be the best c. Packaging Of the product E. Channel a. Be convenient, available in everyday stores a. Indirect strategy b. Make sure customers are aware of your product c. Have good availability – be in many outlets where customers able to purchase Scope scope d. Be in other countries will be a. Scope uses intermediaries. Scope was provided to retailers and then the retailers would sell Scope to customers at their stores. They were available in places like supermarkets and drugstores. D. Price a. Scope wants to gain market share a.Penetration Strategy in the market a. The use of penetration pricing in drugstores specifically E. Promotion a. Have Scope gain awareness about their benefits compared their competitors b. Increase Sales a. Scope uses a push strategy by working with middle men and to retailers to stock their stores with their product. A. Slotting fees b. Have point of purc hase displays c. In-store promotions and advertisements saying why the needs Scope F. Budget 1. Advertising a. In 1 990 Scope spent $1. 7 million on advertising b. P & G is a large company so they do have the money to certain products G. Financial Performance 1.Market Trends a. Since 1986 the data suggests that mouthwash sales have Increasing 2.. Market Share consumer finance been a. In Canada Scope has usually had somewhere between 32%- 33% of the mouthwash market b. The 1990 average for scope was that the had 42% of the market share in food stores and 27 % of the market share in drugstores. II. External Analysis A. Regulatory 1. Laws a. Certain laws that may impact the mouthwash industry. Laws that require labels to say what is in the product or ingredients that they decide cannot be use in mouthwashes may greatly impact companies and how they can n the industry. Compete 2.Dental Association seals a. Whether or not a mouthwash obtains the seal from the Dental Association may impac t consumers decision to by products that do not have the seal. B. Economic 1. Poor Economy a. If the economy was in poor conditions many customers may not think mouthwash is a top priority. It may become a luxury item not an everyday item. This could greatly decrease sales of overall mouthwash products. 2. Strong Economy a. In a flourishing economy, mouthwash sales may be able to increase. It would again become an item that people could afford more often which loud lead to higher sales for mouthwash companies. B.Technological 1. Emergence of Plan into mouthwash industry a. Plan was the first and only presses rinse so it stood out from all the other mouthwash Options. This hurt other mouthwash competitors. B. Focused on removing plaque, not being a breath freshener, which was different than the other mouthwash products C. Social/Couture 1. Environment a. With people wanting to become more environmentally friendly, they may look for more products that have earth friendly ingredients, or products that claim to be organic or all natural, and they may also want product whose snacking is recycled or has been made out of reused materials.D. Competitive 1. Macro level a. Listening is Scopes top competitor with Listening behind them. Another huge competitor to all privately owned brands is the store brands. They are usually cheaper but offer the same amenities as the top competitors so this makes them more attractive to people who are trying to save money but still want a mouthwash product. B. Line extensions to companies are possibilities but if they are not successful can end up costing the company a lot of money. C. Buyers of the products have a lot of power in the process because manufacturers depend on them to get their product on their shelf and sell it. . New products into the market are always a threat as we saw with Plan. If they offer enough of a differentiation and can compete at the top competitors level they may be able to take away from others market shar e. 2. Micro level a. Plan is a competitor because they offer such a different product than the rest. Their product has qualities that the others do no and that mat attract many consumers. They are also the only in that area of mouthwash which give them an advantage because everyone knows of them first so if another reduce were to come in they would have to try and take away from Flax's success of being first. . Listening is a top competitor because they make up most of the market share behind Scope and they were the first into the mouthwash franchise, which may have helped gain them brand-loyal customers. Ill. Market Analysis A. Market Segmentation 1 . The Mouthwash market is primarily segmented into mouthwashes that offer fresh breath and mouthwashes that can fight plaque. Those are the main components of what a mouthwash is designed to do. Well some claim to offer both, there is usually a brand that sticks out the most.One way the market could be more segmented is by more pre-brus h washes and after- brush washes. Right now there is really only one pre-brush wash so having more pre-brush washes would segment the market even more. B. Market- product grid 1 . Current Segmentation Product Pre-Rinses Taste Health Non-users Light users Plan Scope, Listening, Store Brands Listening,Store Brands, Copal Medium users Post Rinses Heavy users 2. Potential Segmentation Non-users 18 or younger Product Development potential Potential for Market Development Non-users 18 or older Light users 18 or youngerPlan, and potential for product development by others Listening, Store Brands, Copal, Colgate Light users 18 or older Medium users 18 or younger Medium 18 or Older Heavy users 18 or younger Heavy users 18 or older C Market Size 1. Size in Dollars a. In 1 990 the total retail sales for the Canadian mouthwash market was $68. 6 Million and the total factory' sales was $54. 4 million. 2. Size of segments – Based on Exhibit 4 on page 259 a. Scope was able to maintain an av erage of 33% of the market b. Listening carried around 16% of the market c. Listening had between 10% and 15% of the market d.Copal held 10-13% of the market e. Plan eventually gained around of the market f. Store brand made up between 15% and 16% of the market g. Other miscellaneous brands held around 3. 7%-4. 6% of the market 3. Future growth or decline a. Based on the available information given about market share sizes and sales I would forecast that sales will increase. The economy is doing well and people like to take care of themselves and their hygiene. Based on the year 1986 and 1990 there was an increase in retail sales of 58% so you could use this information and hypothesize that the market will continue growing at that rate.I arrive at this number by taking the retail sales of 1 990, subtracting that from the retail sales of 1 986, and the dividing that by the sales of 1986. D. Buyer Behavior 1 . People of lower income would probably be light or non-user mouth washers. T hey would probably buy the cheapest option or not buy at all. Store brands would potentially be very attractive due to the fact that the say they offer the same as the top competitors just at a cheaper price. If the store does not have what they are looking for they will not go out of their way to find it. 2. Light to medium users would probably by the middle option.Middle price and has some features that are attractive to them. Medium users would probably buy more mouthwash than light users and would be more Willing to pay a higher price for the product. Wiling to travel for product if necessary but not a top priority. 3. Heavy users would pay the most for the product and would buy the most. They would probably want the best product out there and would pay that asking price.