Racial Disparity in Criminal Justice System Essay

Introduction Twenty-five percent of the world’s prison population, 2.5 million people, are held in American penal institutions. (ACLU, 2008). Sixty percent of those incarcerated are racial and ethnic minorities. These figures mean that 2.3% of all African Americans are incarcerated. The percentage of whites admitted to prison is 0.4% of whites and Hispanics, 0.7%. (Associated Press, 2007; Bonczar, 2003; Mauer & King, 2007; ACLU, 2008; Bridges & Sheen, 1998;). One of the primary contributors to this gross disproportion of incarceration of blacks is the result of â€Å"the war on drugs† and â€Å"tough on crime† initiatives that were established in the 80’s. The aggressive law enforcement strategies of The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, disproportionately arrested, convicted, and incarcerated millions of blacks for relatively minor nonviolent drug offenses as compared to white offenders. The dramatic escalation of incarceration for drug offenses was accompanied by profound racial disparities. Blacks were incarcerated at a grossly disproportionate rate to white Americans and blacks received much harsher and longer sentences, 14.5% longer, creating racial disparity within the criminal justice system (Alexander, 2010; Austin, et al.; Georges-Abeyie, 2006; Gonzà ¡lez & Chang, 2011; Lynch & William, 1997; Mauer, 2007; Mauer & King, 2007; Spohn, 2000 (Alexander, 2010, Associated Press, 2007, Mauer M. 2009; Mauer M., 2008; Spohn, 2000) Mass incarceration functions more like a caste system than a system of crime prevention serves the same purpose as pre-Civil War slavery and the post-Civil War Jim Crow laws: to maintain a racial caste system: a system designed to keep a racial group locked into an inferior position by law and customs. (Alexander, 2010) While scholars have long analyzed the connection between race and America’s criminal justice system, argue that our growing penal system, with its black tinge, constitutes nothing less than a new form of Jim Crow. There are writers that feel the analogy’s myopic focus on the War on Drugs diverts us from discussing violent crime—an oversight when discussing mass interaction in the United States. (James Forman) There is no dispute as to the extent of the escalation in criminalization and incarceration in the United States in the 40-year war on drugs. That violent offenders make up a plurality of  the prison population, but research has shown that the unequal enforcement of mandatory policies in place, black males received longer terms than whites for similar drug offenses, 14.5% longer, this creates the level of mass incarceration that racial disparity within the criminal justice system. ). Look at states in there Midwest and northeast have the greatest black-to- white disparity in incarceration. So when states as Iowa, the 10th safest state in the US, 91.3% of the population is White (88.7% non-Hispanic),and 2.9% is Black or African American, how is it for every 100,000 people Iowa incarcerates 309 white and 4200 are black, imprisoning black at 13 times the rate of whites. The unequal enforcement of mandatory policies in place, black males received longer terms than whites for similar drug offenses, 14.5% longer, this creates the level of mass incarceration that racial disparity within the criminal justice system. Supporting data shows the extraordinary increases in several states of nonwhite drug offenders committed to prison receiving harsher sentences for similar drug offences. (Alexander, 2010; Tonry, 1994 (ACLU, 2008; Alexander, 2010; Green, 2012Lacey, 2010; Bonczar, 2003; Glaze & Herberman, 2010; Mauer, 2009; Mauer, 2008; M Mauer and King (2007);Russell-Brown, 2008; Mauer & King 2007; The Institute for Economics and Peace, 2012; Petersilia,1983; Loury, 2010; Russell-Br own, 2008). There have been studies in theoretical foundation and methodological sophistication to assess the disproportionality in incarceration of racial minorities. Research has dispelled the assertion that blacks are disproportionality sentenced and incarcerated due solely to differential crime commission rates. All actors within the criminal justice system are under the delusion, or pretense, of objectivity in the criminal justice system. (Spohn, 2000; Russell-Brown, 2008) In response to this gap in literature, the current study will focus exclusively on the consistent patterns indicating that offender race operates directly through other factors, arresting officer, prior record, type of crime, pretrial status or type of disposition, or interacts with other variables that are themselves related to racial disparity. I will also attempt to determine why these disproportionalities exist by examining the criminal justice system policies and practices that have contributed in recent decades to t he disproportionate overrepresentation of minorities in the criminal justice system. Literature Review Criminologist and social-political geographer Daniel E. Georges-Abeyie introduced the concept and theory of petit apartheid in criminal justice and juvenile justice in 1990 to describe discriminatory, discretionary acts by law enforcement, correctional officers, and jurists that advantage or disadvantage an individual, or individuals, on grounds of their identity characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, gender, sex, sexual orientation, age, religion, or nationality Georges-Abeyie Petit Apartheid Social Distance Severity Scale to predict criminal justice process outcomes when the identity characteristics of those making discretionary decisions and those impacted are similar or dissimilar. Petit Apartheid Social Distance Severity Scale. His frank interview with Justice Bruce Wright confirmed that each actor brings his personal bias into his duties in the criminal justice system. New York State Supreme Court Justice the Honorable McM. Bruce Wright, author of Black Robes, White Justice (1992), a criminal justice advocate, believed that a judge should consciously be â€Å"Black, Hispanic, female, working class, et cetera†, while adjudicating. Judge Wright believed that all judges manifested their social, cultural, racial, ethnic, gender, and social class biases while adjudicating. We are all impacted by life experiences. He gave an example, a specific judge, who would regularly, with pride and pomposity, proclaimed that he â€Å"quickly sized-up a defendant† as the defendant was led into the court in chains, by noting the demeanor, gait, body-language, and general physical appearance of the defendant before the defendant’s attorney, or the defendant, uttered a single word. What appalled Judge Wright was not the scrutinizing of that defendant but the denial of the phenomenologically filtered judgment, which accompanied that observation. (Georges-Abeyie, 2006) Multi factors economic, personal bias and what are considered subtle bias, offender age and gender, are major factors in the level of racial disparity within the criminal justice system. (Georges-Abeyie, 2006;; Austin, et al., 2012;Bonczar, 2003; Brewer & Heitzeg; Glaze & Herberman, 2012; Green, 2012; Lacey,2010; Gonzà ¡lez & Chang, 2011; Lee & Vukich, 2001;Loury, 2010)Mauer & King, 2007; Petersilia, 1983; Spohn, 2000; Tonry, 1994; Marc Mauer has been reporting on racial disparity since 1975 report on racial disparity and mass incarceration in the criminal justice system. His 1995 report led the New York Times to editorialize that the report â€Å"should set off alarm bells from the White House to city halls – and help reverse the notion that we can incarcerate our way out of fundamental social problems.† Finding evidence of direct discrimination against minorities in the role of race, prediction, and discretion in the criminal justice system (Baradaran, 2013; Mauer M. 2009) Research has proven that the first point of discrimination that afflicts the system is contact with the police. Police arrest black defendants more often for crimes than white defendants. (Mauer & King, 2007) Spohn in his report, Thirty Years of Prison Reform: the race for a neutralizing sentence process,† found that â€Å"a certain type† of minority offenders, perhaps because they are perceived as being more dang erous, are singled out for arrest and harsher treatment. These markers are Blacks and Hispanics who are young, male, and unemployed are particularly more likely than their white counterparts to be sentenced to prison and in some jurisdictions, they also receive longer sentences or differential benefits from guideline departures. There is also evidence that minorities convicted of drug offenses, those with longer prior criminal records, those who victimize whites, and those who refuse to plead guilty or are unable to secure pretrial release are punished more severely than similarly situated whites. (Spohn, 2000) Crime rates, law enforcement priorities, sentencing legislation and other factors play a role in creating racial disparities in incarceration. (Roth, 2001). The prosecutors, more than any  other officials in the criminal justice system, have the most direct impact on racial disparities, and thus, must bear the most responsibility in remedying them. (Davis, 1998) Race (and in particular racial stereotypes) plays a role in the judgments and decision making by all of the participants within the criminal justice system. The influence of an individual’s bias is subtle and often undetectable in any given case, but its effects are significant and observable over time. When policymakers determine policy, when official actors exercise discretion, and when citizens proffer testimony or jury-service, bias often plays a role. (Georges-Abeyie, 2006). In January of 2000, 19-year-old Jason Williams was convicted of selling a total of 1/8 oz. of cocaine on four separate occasions. Although he had no prior convictions, the Texas youth was sentenced to 45 years in prison under a state law provision that increases penalties for drug sales that occur within 1,000 feet of a school or park. As it turns out, roughly half of Williams’ hometown of Tulia falls within these â€Å"drug-free zones.† Williams was just one of 46 Tulians – including more than 10 percent of the town’s black population – caught up in a law-enforcement sweep initiated by a single undercover officer who claimed that he had bought drugs from each of them. Half faced enhanced prison terms under the drug-free zone statute, and many pled guilty in order to avoid Williams’ fate. In the months that followed sentencing, it became clear that the evidence used to convict Williams and the other defendants had been fabricated by Tom Colem an, the undercover ofï ¬ cer. The wrongfully convicted Tulians were pardoned by Governor Rick Perry in August 2003, but the incident remains a vivid example of the dangerous excesses of the nation’s increasingly unpopular â€Å"war on drugs.† These systems operate collectively to ensure the subordinate status of a group defined largely by race. And while the size of the system alone might suggest that it would touch the lives of most Americans, racial disparities in the US prison system have been increasing throughout the last third of the twentieth century (Alexander, 2010; Tonry, 1994). We have to look at the first point of contact for the defendant – and follow his journey through the criminal justice system through the maze of racial bias and discrimination and focus on answering why these disproportionalities exist. The problem of racial disparity is one which builds at each stage of the criminal justice continuum from arrest through parole, rather than the result of the actions at any single stage. How race, ethnicity, class, and gender influence decisions about individuals being processed through the criminal justice system. (Georges-Abeyie, 2006; Marc Mauer; 2009; Lynch & Sabol, 1997). Statistics show the cumulative impact of decisions made through personal bias at one level contributes to racial disparities at subsequent levels in the criminal justice system. Race-based differences in individual treatment are some of the most apparent in American society today and these bias based decisions challenge the principle that the criminal justice system is fair, effective and just. Methodology Study Purpose This study explores the extent of racial disparity within the criminal justice system and where it exists. The criminal justice system involves numerous actors—such as police officers, prosecutors, judges, jurors, and eyewitnesses—whose decisions and judgments have a significant impact on the conviction and punishment of criminal defendants this study will demonstrate how how race significantly affects the decisions and judgments of those at various levels within the criminal system. (Blumstein et al. 1983, 72; Lee & Vukich, 2001). Does racial disparity exist within the criminal justice system? Does the perceptions of race affect their response to offenders? Hypothesis: Racial disparity exist within the criminal justice system? Null Hypothesis Racial disparity does not exist within the criminal justice system. Research Design This study will use a longitudinal design that will collect data through questionnaire structured interviews, observations and analysis of documents. Sampling  Using secondary data from the General Social Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago in connection with the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which measures reaction times in response to certain visual stimuli. (Gonzà ¡lez & Chang, 2011). The sample frame will represent all actors in the criminal justice system. This study uses a research design that simultaneously collects quantitative and qualitative data through the use of various survey instruments, observations and questionnaires by which to conduct bivariate comparisons of incarceration rates for whites and racial minorities and methodologically more rigorous multivariate analyses designed to identify direct race and indirect race effects and for interaction between race and other predictions of arrest,  sentencing and adjudication. A link between discrimination and disproportionality using multi-variate organizational, environmental, contextual and individual factors with police behavior and research on the effects of pre-trial decision making (Mauer & King, 2007). The intent of this approach is to gain a broader perspective than would be otherwise achieved from only one data collection method (Small, 2011). Moreover, this mixed-methods approach for the collection and analyses of data will be utilized to increase the validity of the research and the reliability of the findings by using the results of both methods to support each other (Bachman & Schutt, 2007; Creswell, 2013). Quantitative data using a survey and school database will be used to obtain an overview of the research questions I will use qualitative methodology through semi structured focus groups, giving studies the opportunity to convey their personal encounter with the criminal justice system so that a fuller understanding of factors involved with racial/ethnic disparity. Issues of validly and reliability Validity methodologies include testing subjects while â€Å"measuring cardiovascular response, micro-facial movements, or neurological activity when viewing. As another example, police officers in one experiment exhibited a tendency to associate Black (as opposed to White) faces with criminality. In yet another experiment, both police and probation officers exhibited a significant influence of race on their judgments of culpability and decisions to arrest and to charge. Much of this research is done in connection with the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which measures reaction times in response to certain visual stimuli.71 Other methodologies include testing subjects while â€Å"measuring cardiovascular response, micro-facial movements, or neurological activity (Gonzà ¡lez & Chang, 2011) Limitations What tends to be expressed may not provide good data about â€Å"true† attitudes, especially when people wish to conceal their motives or if they have unconscious biases. Sentencing data are limited in terms of demographic and extra-legal variables, and these data are neither readily available nor easily obtainable. Contribution to the field Racial disparity operates as a tightly networked system of laws, policies, customs, and institutions within our criminal Justice system. This information will inform decision makers about differences in the unequal treatment of defendants based on the illegitimate criteria of race, when ‘like cases’ with respect to case attributes—regardless of their legitimacy defendants are sentenced differently. Possibly identifying gaps between established policies and actual practices. It will outline the various levels that racial disparity enters the criminal justice system. The decision-making that occurs prior to sentencing often has a greater impact on the punishment that offenders receive than does the exercise of discretion in sentencing. If there are differences in the way these decisions are made for different racial and ethnic groups, such differences could contribute to sentencing disparities that would be masked by â€Å"legal† factors. Arrest and conviction rates do not correlate precisely with criminal behavior rates and cannot serve as a proxy for criminality. A very large portion of disproportionality cannot be explained by legitimate race neutral factors, leading us to conclude that race matters in ways that are not fair, that do not advance legitimate public safety objectives, that produce racial disparities in the criminal justice system, and that undermine public confidence in our legal system (Gonzà ¡lez & Chang, 2011)　 Analysis will show that the ways that the correctional system in the United States functions to control minorities through deliberately chosen, systematically imposed legal restrictions. Is that crime rates do not explain the sudden and dramatic mass incarceration of African Americans during the past 30 years. Crime rates have fluctuated over the last few decades—they are currently at historical lows—but imprisonment rates have consistently soared. Quintupled, in fact. And the vast majority of that increase is due to the War on Drugs. (Alexander, 2010; Russell-Brown, 2008) References ACLU. (2008). The Prison Crisis. Washington, DC: American Civil Liberties Union. Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of coloirblindness. . New York: The New Press. Associated Press. (2007, July 18). Study show racial disparities in prison. USA Today, p. 1. Austin, J., Cadora, E., Clear, T. R., Dansky, K., Greene, J., Gupta, V., . . . Young, M. C. (2012). ENDING MASS INCARCERATION:CHARTING A NEW JUSTICE REINVESTMENT. Washington: The Sentencing Project. Baradaran, S. (2013). Race, Prediction, and Discretion. George Washington Law Review, 157-216. . Bonczar, T. P. (2003). Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001. Washington,DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/piusp01.pdf Brewer, R. M., & Heitzeg, N. A. (2008). The Racialization of Crime and Punishment: Criminal Justice Color-Blind Racism, and the Political Economy of the Prison Industrial Complex . American Behavioral Scientist, 625-644. Bridges, G. S., & Sheen, S. ( 1998). Racial Disparities in Official Assessments of Juvenile Offenders: Attributional Stereotypes as Mediating Mechanisms. American Sociological Review, 554-570. Davis, A. J. (1998). â€Å"Prosecution and Race: The Power and Privilege of Discretion.†. Fordham Law Review, 50. Georges-Abeyie, D. E. (2006). Race, Ethnicity, and Social Distance Severity. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 30, (No. 2), 20. Glaze, L. E., & Herberman, E. J. (2012). Correctional Populations in the United States Series. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Gonzà ¡lez, S. C., & Chang, R. S. (2011). Task Force on Race and the Criminal Justice System . Seattle: Task Force on Race and the . Green, A. (2012). The disproportionate impact of the criminal justice system on people of color in the capital region. The Center for Law & Justice. Greene, K., Pranis, K., & Ziedenberg, P. (2006, March). Disparity by Design: How drug-free zone laws impact racial disparity – and fail to protect youth. Justice Policy Institute, p. 1. James Forman, J. (n.d.). RACIAL CRITIQUES OF MASS INCARCERATION: BEYOND THE NEW JIM CROW. Yale Law School. Kleiman, M. (1997). â€Å"Drug-Free or Unfree: To Get Heavy Users to Stay Clean, Link Parole and Probation to Abstinence. Washington: The Washington Post . Lacey, N. (2010). American imprisonment in comparative perspective. Daedalus, Vol. 139(No. 3 ), 102-114. Lee, N., & Vukich, E. M. (2001). Race in the Criminal Justice System. Wsashington: State of Washington Sentencing Guidelines Commission. Loury, G. (2010). Crime, Inequality and Social Justice. American Academy oif Arts and Sciences, 134-140. Lynch, J. P., & Sabol, W. (1997). Did getting tough on crime pay? Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. Mauer, M. (2008). Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs Hearing on Federal Cocaine Sentencing Laws. The Sentencing Project, 8. Mauer, M. (2009). Racial impact statements: Changing policies to address disparitie. The Sentencing Project. Mauer, M. (2009). The changing racial dynamcis of the war on drugs. Washington: The Sebtebcing Project. Mauer, M., & King, R. (2007). A 25-year quagmire: The â€Å"war on drugs† and its impact on american society. The Sentencing Project, 33. Mauer, M., & King, R. (2007). Uneven Justice: State Rates of Incarceration. Washington, DC: Sentencing Project. Mauer, M., & King, R. (2007). Uneven Justice:State Rates of Incarceration By Race and Ethnicity. Washington: The Sentencing Project. Nellis, A., Greene, J., & Mauer, M. (2000). Reducing Racial Disparity in the Criminal Justice System. Washington: The Sentencing Project. Petersilia, J. (1983). Racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Santa Monica,: Rand Corporation. Roth, K. (2001, March 2014). Race and Incarceration in The United States. Human Rights Watch. Russ ell-Brown, K. (2008). The Color of Crime; Racial Hoaxes, White Fear, Black Protectionism, Police Harassment, and Other Macroaggressions. New York: New York University Press. Spohn, C. C. (2000). Thirty years of sentencing reform: The quest for a racially neutral sentencing process. National Institute of Justice. The Institute for Economics and Peace . (2012 ). Peace in the United States of America. Washington, DC: The Institute for Economics and Peace . Tonry, M. (1994). Racial Disproportion in US Prisons. British Journal of Criminology.

Crucible Essay

Even after doing those things the harassers still end up at fault for whatever happened to them, but despite all that, they were able to regain their lost integrity. In Miller's play it can be seen that characters were given the opportunity to w hat was right which they used, however it was not an easy for them to make the decisive on of telling the truth. An example of this is when John Proctor refuses to sign his name on an affiliation. The reason Proctor refuses to do so is because he values his reputation and more than anything he wants to keep his good name. Because it is my name! Because cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on t he feet of them that hang! How may live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave my name. † (Act 4 page 143. ) In this quote it is seen that Proctor is trying hard to keep his name clean, and while doing so he does not care about what the future consequences would be. Simi L arry Reverend Hale has citizens who look up to him which places him as a higher authority. Pray you, someone take these† (Act 1 page 36. Here it is showed that Hale possesses p rower over the tizzies and that he is not concerned about the others in town. However tow awards the end both characters lose whatever power they had which causes them to be true to 20th errs and tell the truth and earn back their lost integrity. When the time came Proctor realized he en deed to redeem himself. â€Å"A man may think God sleeps, but God sees everything, know it no w. I beg you, sir, I beg you see her what she is†¦ She thinks to dance with me on my wife's grave ! And well she might, for I thought of her softly.God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whore's vengeance†¦ (Act 3 page 110. ) Here Proctor finally admits y o performing adultery and admits to his past mistakes, even though it has cosseted him his life e. Also Hale does the same, he adm its to his mistakes and comes out with whatever truth was aft to be told. â€Å"Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own. † (Act 4 page 132. ) Hale after a long time finally admits that he misused his power and he regains his lost integrity while e trying to save the lives of innocent people.Also throughout the play it can be seen that there is change between character s whether it be the character changing themselves or helping other characters change. A good example of this would be from the beginning of the play, when it is seen that Proctor is did slowly to his wife Elizabeth. â€Å"Baby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But will cut off my hand before I'll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Baby† (A CT 1 page 23). This here shows that Proctor is unfaithful to his wife and that he is also trying to erase the past and keep the truth about his adultery in the dark.In contrast while Proctor w s unfaithful, Hale was be ing motivated by wrongdoings. â€Å"Why is it all simple. I come to do the devil's work. I come to counsel Christians they should belie themselves. There is blood on my head. Can you see the blood on my head† (Act 4 page 131). Here Hale is showing that he has been motivated by the devil to do wrong things. He here believes that he is doing the devil's w ark. Never the less even after displaying such hideous traits both character's managed to chi anger themselves and again earn back any lost integrity.

3D Printing for the Built Environment-Free-Samples for Students

3D printing is the process of manufacturing an object in three dimension formations with material layer by layer. 3D printing is one of the additive layer fabrication processes, this technology uses a computer-based system to make a 3D model of the object and manufacture it by adding a layer at a time. This technology has enhanced and significantly upgraded into a great instrument for various fields. Merging various fields in single product formed 3D printer as it involves design, electronics, manufacturing, materials and business. 3D printing is known as additive manufacturing, as it is not like subtractive manufacturing and it adds material with lot of layers instead of removing material (Hager, Golonka and Putanowicz, 2016). This is beneficial for many fields such as researchers, manufacturers, designers, engineers and scientists. The 3D printing technology is revolutionising the procedure of manufacturing in various industries. It entirely modifies not only the manufacturing fiel d, but also entire life of people in the future as 3D printer makes feasible to complete model in a single process. 3D printing is an advancement of printing technologies which can manufacture or reproduce elegant structures in one piece. This technology offers direct manufacturing as through a printer, physical product can be generated directly by inputting a design from an idea. 3D printing is an innovative technology, it started in the 80’s and named as â€Å"rapid prototyping†. Today, 3D printers offer to manufacture a physical object from digital model as per the imagination. In order to use 3D printer, firstly preparation is mandatory before printing, like designing a 3D file of the object that has to be printed. To design 3D model or file there are many ways such as through CAD software, websites like Blender and Google SketchUp or it can be simply downloaded from online marketplace for pre made designed models (Kellens, et. al., 2017). When the 3D model is ready for printing then the printing process has to be done. For printing process, initially material has to be decided which would be required for the object. 3D printing provides vast variety of materials such as plastics, resins, sand, ceramics, metals, textiles, biomaterials, glass, food and also lunar dust (Peng, 2016). After deciding the materials for manufacturing and finishing of the object for the accurate result of design, the object has to be printed and if it has not been sanded, lacquered or painted to finish it as deliberated then usually it cannot be directly used or delivered. Printin g methods depend on material selected for the project. Printing techniques of each material are described; if plastic or alumide has to be used during manufacturing then fused deposition modelling technology (FDM) and SLS technology would be best suitable. FDM is the most frequently used printing technique because of the number of printers accessible in the market. In this technique the material is being melted and emitted with the help of a nozzle by each layer at a time to 3D print the object. Thickness of the layer is influenced by the quality of 3D print (Sculpteo, 2018). As compared to other 3D printing technologies, FDM is an affordable 3D printing process. SLS technology is a laser sintering 3D printing technique which includes fabrication of an item by melting layers of powder collectively to manufacture an object. If the materials are resin or wax during the additive manufacturing then there are four methods of 3D printing such as Stereo lithography (SLA), Digital light processing (DLP), Continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) and Multi jet printers. A tank is used of remediable photopolymer resin in SLA method. The build plate goes down and where UV laser creates cross section layer by layer then the liquid polymer is exposed to light. DLP method is similar as the SLA method, the difference is that in DLP method a safelight is used instead of UV laser to cure the photopolymer resin (Sculpteo, 2018). DLP method can be used for silver and brass 3D printing. CLIP method is used with a continuous sequence of UV images which are produced by a digital light projector, with the help of an oxygen permeable, UV transparent window under a liquid resin bath. Multi Jet printers are similar to SLA method, in this method UV light is used by poly jet and multi jet 3D printing techniques to link a phot opolymer. A printer jet pours tiny droplets of the photopolymer in the shape of the first layer and not scan laser to cure layers. When metal has to be used as material, then the methods would be DLP, Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and Electron beam melting (EBM). DLP can be used for silver and brass 3D prints. Primarily a wax model is 3D printed then lost was casting technique is used as before the wax is melted the pattern has to be made around it to create the object. In DMLS method laser is used as primary source to sinter metal powder through laser cross section layer by layer of the object (Sculpteo, 2018). In EBM method laser is not used during 3D print, instead of laser and electron beam is used to 3D print the metal. This electron beam melts the metal powder layer by layer and has ability of full melting of the metal powder. When multicolour is required during the 3D printing, then the methods used are Binder jetting, Selective deposition lamination (SDL) and Triple jetting technology (Poly jet). Binder jetting is very popular and useful as it provides the facility of producing detailed 3D prints with colour. To apply a layer of powder on the build platform, the automated roller is used. Liquid binder and colour can also be applied to create a cross section of the product. SDL method is processed with the help of paper. In this process layers of adhesive coated paper are stuck together with the support of high temperature roller and then slash with a laser cutter to give the appropriate shape (Fosso, 2017). Triple jetting technology includes printing with the three materials and can also use three colours. 3D printing is experiencing a boom in recent years. This technology is also known as additive manufacturer and helps to design and manufacture products faster than ever before. Hence, it is becoming more potential even if we consider environmental issues. 3D printing is friendly for environment by supportable material. If we think about sustainability then the important part is material used for 3D printing (Chen, 2016). In the last years, there have been some cases where development of 3D printer materials from recycled plastic has been practiced. According to Joshua Pear the plastic fibre from milk jugs is energy efficient. 3D printing is turning waste into fashion as this technology is not only helpful in reducing waste. Whereas, it also offers variety of ways for reuse the waste for the fashion industry. For example, the sports brand Adidas has printed shoe, which has a 3D printed midsole manufactured from recycled fishing nets. 3D printing uses a lot of energy. 3D printers are utilizing lasers or heat 50 to 100 times more electricity than production from traditional techniques to manufacture the same object of the equal weight. However, it has important impact on environment as in many areas electricity has been generated from fossil fuel sources (Liu, et. al., 2016). Less material is being used in 3D printing technology as compared to traditional manufacturing methods. 3D printing methods offers to melt, fuse, bind and sinter the amount of plastic, metal and ceramic. Whereas, in subtractive manufacturing usually cutting has to be done of excess material so the additive manufacturing is very different from the subtractive manufacturing. As energy has not been used to produce extra material and also to remove it during subtractive method has to be done. Hence, it uses less energy as compared to other methods. 3D printing is beneficial for environment as it has the ability to print objects at any place like at store or at home and this reduces the need to transport the objects manufactured. Hence, helpful in lowering the emissions caused with the transportation. 3D printed products are usually up to 50 per cent lighter than the products manufactured through standard techniques (Pirjan and Petrosanu, 2013). Hence, during transportation of the 3D printed products, less energy would be required. Whereas, the transportation is very less of the overall environmental impacts because when a product has to be shipped from thousands of miles away in any other country. 3D printed objects are usually manufactured of thermoplastic, which is not the greenest material and cannot be frequently recycled. Thermoplastic can be recycled by several machines in the market like the material which is from unsuccessful prototypes for use in 3D printers (Mendoza, 2015). Whereas, the more this recycled plastic is being recycled it becomes more delicate which tend users to become reluctant to try it. The industry is trying and working on improving their recycling technologies. 3D printing is environmentally-friendly as it prevents to use traditional petroleum based materials and includes the use biodegradable and renewable plant based sources. The two major plastics used in additive manufacturing come from corn (Rogers, et. al., 2016). Poly lactic acid creates little waste as it is biodegradable, renewable and nontoxic. In this industry because of these reasons this choice is on priority. This industry asks their designers to make lighter weight products. More time would be consumed for making something big. So, they line up the incentive structures of the economies and this would be helpful in meeting environmental priorities. 3D printing offers to manufacture the light weight and strong complex shapes very fast. This technique helps in manufacturing cars and wind turbines and when these products are made with lighter weight parts then they can be helpful in saving energy. 3D printing also has positive impact socially than environmental (Silva Barros, 2017). As 3D printing can be used at any place for printing objects, then this technique should be used in developing countries that are not connected from global supply chains. Additive manufacturing can efficiently employ raw materials and their functionality. In a powder based process, nonconsolidated raw materials are used such as in powder bed fusion that can be reused that would help in diminishing material waste (Boon and Van, 2017). Optimisation in the design of the object has been enabled by free form fabrication of the additive manufacturing. The optimal design will help in reduction of materials, energy, fuel, or natural resources in the product manufacturing.   When huge amounts of energy are wasted like in moulding or casting, then the additive manufacturing can change the process and can also save resources utilised on the fabrication of tooling during production. 3D printing is revolutionizing every field. This technique is beneficial for environment in many ways such as, new body parts can be printed and working ovaries for mice can be created. Biologists made infertile mice fertile again by providing them 3D printed ovaries. Hence, it can be said that this technique is helpful in saving the world (Mohr and Khan, 2015). This technique is helpful in predicting natural disasters as 3D geospatial modelling is easy to create, carry and transfer environmental safety messages, 3D landscapes has been best way of communication for geoscientists by satellites designed for disaster response. With the help of 3D printing, scientists can provide an understanding to people regarding landscape and the risk (Insight, 2013). This help in taking prior and effective actions for safety. All over the globe these printed models are being used for the safety purpose, these address critical problems such as cliff erosion, volcanic eruption and wildfires. 3D printi ng technique offers to create a bamboo bike by using natural resources like hemp and resin (Baumann and Roller, 2017). This bike has been created by using sustainably sourced material, holding bamboo rods together by tubular joining pieces called lugs. Lugs have been created by bio fibre and a plant based resin glue. When bamboo bicycle is created by using 3D printing then it has been analysed that lugs have been created from carbon fibre filament, carbon fibre is recyclable.      3D printing can be done on demand, as parts can be manufactured when they are required by producing on demand. This simply means instead of manufacturing products in bulk, now with the help of 3D printing production can be done when the objects are needed. This is beneficial in saving storage (Surange and Gharat, 2016). The less manufacturing of stock allows putting the less capital, on demand production is also beneficial because risk of unsold stock or wastage stock is less and also prevent from selling the stock on discount (Garcia, Claver and Sebastian, 2017). 3D printing lower the carbon dioxide footprint, other manufacturing techniques causes the emission of carbon dioxide because most of the machines use fuel for their operation. The carbon dioxide causes air pollution and global warming. According to the research done by an aerospace and defence research organisation on the environmental impacts of additive printing, it was found that along with the fact that this technique s ave usage of energy and reduce the carbon dioxide emission during transportation, 3D printing also makes lighter aircraft components, almost 40% less carbon dioxide has been used during the production process of these kind of printed parts. It has been concluded from the above report that 3D printing technology has positive impact on the environment. 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing and we have discussed the process of using 3D printing and also discussed about the materials used in this technique. There are different methods of 3D printing according to various materials. We have discussed the advantages and limitations of this technique. 3D printing is having a tremendous impact on industries such as aerospace and automotive to healthcare. This technique is turning waste into fashion, as it is utilizing waste in fashion industry. Huge amount of electricity and energy is being saved in this technique as compared to other techniques. 3D printing prevents the carbon dioxide emission. It is beneficial for environment as it prevents to use petroleum based materials and tends to use biodegradable and renewable sources. With the help of 3D printing technique the transportation has been reduced as it can be used anywhere and this technique offers to manufacture lighter weight products. This technique helps in knowing the disasters previously so that prior safety actions could be taken. 3D printing is an additive manufacturing which is beneficial for environment. Baumann, F.W. and Roller, D., 2017. Additive Manufacturing, Cloud-Based 3D Printing and Associated Services—Overview.  Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing,  1(2), p.15. Boon, W. and Van Wee, B., 2017. 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